Complex numbers in offer a powerful way to visualize and manipulate numbers on the complex plane. By using and angle, we can easily perform operations like multiplication and division, which can be tricky in rectangular form.
Polar form shines when dealing with powers and roots of complex numbers. It allows us to use for exponents and find multiple solutions for roots, making it a versatile tool for solving complex equations.
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Polar form of complex numbers
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Polar form representation r(cosθ+isinθ) expresses complex numbers using magnitude and angle
Modulus r measures distance from origin to point in complex plane (3 units)
θ indicates angle from positive x-axis to point (45°)
Relates to rectangular form a+bi=r(cosθ+isinθ) connecting Cartesian and
r⋅cis(θ) provides compact way to write polar form where cis(θ)=cosθ+isinθ
Rectangular vs polar form conversion
Rectangular to polar conversion calculates modulus r=a2+b2 and argument θ=tan−1(ab)
Polar to rectangular conversion finds real part a=rcosθ and imaginary part b=rsinθ
Quadrant considerations require adjusting argument for quadrants II, III, and IV (add π or 2π)
Special cases include pure real numbers with θ=0 or π (3+0i) and pure imaginary numbers with θ=2π or 23π (0+2i)
Multiplication and division in polar form
Multiplication in polar form multiplies moduli and adds arguments r1r2[cos(θ1+θ2)+isin(θ1+θ2)]
Division in polar form divides moduli and subtracts arguments r2r1[cos(θ1−θ2)+isin(θ1−θ2)]
Simplifies complex arithmetic compared to rectangular form especially for repeated multiplications or divisions
Powers and roots using polar form
De Moivre's Theorem for powers raises modulus to power and multiplies argument by power rn(cos(nθ)+isin(nθ))
use formula nr(cos(nθ+2πk)+isin(nθ+2πk)) with k=0,1,2,...,n−1
Applies to solving complex equations and finding multiple solutions in trigonometric equations (cubic roots of unity)