Decimals are the backbone of everyday math. From rounding prices to calculating discounts, we use them constantly. This section covers the basics of working with decimals, including arithmetic operations and conversions between different number forms.
Understanding decimals opens doors to more advanced math concepts. We'll explore how decimals fit into the broader world of real numbers , including square roots and irrational numbers . These skills are crucial for tackling more complex algebraic problems down the road.
Decimal Basics
Rounding of decimals
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Identify place value to round to
Tenths , hundredths , thousandths place after decimal point
Examine digit immediately to right of identified place
If digit is 5 or greater, round up by increasing digit in identified place by 1
If digit is less than 5, round down by leaving digit in identified place unchanged
Replace all digits to right of identified place with zeros to complete rounding process
Arithmetic with decimals
Addition and subtraction
Vertically align decimal points in numbers
Add or subtract as with whole numbers, ignoring decimal points
Place decimal point in result directly below aligned decimal points in original numbers
Multiplication
Multiply numbers as if they were whole numbers, ignoring decimal points
Count total number of digits to right of decimal points in factors
Place decimal point in product counting from right the same number of places as total count from factors
Division
Shift decimal point in divisor right to make it a whole number
Shift decimal point in dividend right same number of places as divisor
Divide resulting numbers as whole numbers
Place decimal point in quotient directly above decimal point in dividend
Decimal to fraction
Write decimal as numerator over denominator of 1
Multiply numerator and denominator by 10 for each place value to right of decimal point
Simplify resulting fraction if possible (2.5 = 25/10 = 5/2)
Fraction to decimal
Divide numerator by denominator
If division does not terminate, round to desired place value (3/8 = 0.375)
Decimal to percentage
Shift decimal point two places to right and add percent sign (0.25 = 25%)
Percentage to decimal
Remove percent sign and shift decimal point two places to left (40% = 0.40)
Real Numbers and Expressions
Simplification of square roots
Perfect square has whole number square root
Examples: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36
For perfect square, simplify square root to whole number
For non-perfect square, factor out largest perfect square
Simplify perfect square factor to whole number
Leave non-perfect square factor under square root
50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 5 2 \sqrt{50} = \sqrt{25 \cdot 2} = 5\sqrt{2} 50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 5 2
Classification in real numbers
Natural numbers: positive whole numbers starting from 1 (1, 2, 3, ...)
Whole numbers: natural numbers and 0 (0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
Integers: whole numbers and negatives (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
Rational numbers : expressed as fraction a b \frac{a}{b} b a with integer a a a and nonzero integer b b b
Includes terminating and repeating decimals (0.5, 0.333...)
Irrational numbers: cannot be expressed as fraction
Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals (π \pi π , 2 \sqrt{2} 2 )
Real numbers encompass all rational and irrational numbers
Number line representations
For fractions, divide unit interval into equal parts based on denominator
Count from 0 to numerator to locate fraction (3/4 is 3 parts out of 4 total)
For decimals, divide unit interval into 10 parts (tenths)
Divide each tenth into 10 parts for hundredths
Continue dividing for smaller place values
Count from 0 to locate decimal (0.75 is 7 tenths and 5 hundredths)
Decimal representation on number line reflects the base-10 system
Advanced Decimal Concepts
Scientific notation expresses numbers as a product of a coefficient and a power of 10
Used for very large or very small numbers (e.g., 6.02 × 10^23)
Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement
All non-zero digits are significant
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant
Leading zeros are not significant
Trailing zeros after a decimal point are significant
Decimal expansion refers to the representation of a number as a sequence of digits after the decimal point
Can be finite (terminating) or infinite (repeating or non-repeating)
Applications
Real-world decimal applications
Identify given information and unknown quantity in problem
Determine operation(s) needed to solve (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
Perform decimal arithmetic to calculate answer
Round answer to appropriate place value based on context (money to cents, measurements to precision)
Verify solution is reasonable for situation (positive cost, shorter time than original)