Human development is a journey from conception to death, marked by distinct stages. Each stage brings unique challenges and growth opportunities, shaping our physical, cognitive, and social-emotional abilities as we progress through life.
The life-span perspective views development as an ongoing process influenced by various factors. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of different life stages and recognizes that our experiences and environment shape our growth throughout our entire lives.
Stages of Development
Prenatal Development and Infancy
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occurs from conception to birth
Includes (first 2 weeks after conception), (2-8 weeks after conception), and (2 months after conception to birth)
for healthy development, as the fetus is vulnerable to environmental influences (, )
spans from birth to approximately 2 years old
Rapid physical growth and development of motor skills (crawling, walking)
Development of to primary caregivers
Emergence of language and communication skills (babbling, first words)
Childhood Stages
ranges from 2 to 6 years old
Development of and through play and interaction with peers
Acquisition of basic cognitive skills (counting, identifying colors and shapes)
Emergence of , understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs
spans from 6 to 11 years old
Refinement of and development of
Increased importance of and friendships
Development of and sense of competence in various domains (academics, sports)
Adolescence and Early Adulthood
occurs from approximately 11 to 18 years old
and lead to physical and hormonal changes
Development of and
Formation of identity and increased autonomy from parents
spans from 18 to 40 years old
Establishment of and potentially starting a family
Pursuit of educational and career goals
Continued development of identity and personal values
Middle and Late Adulthood
ranges from 40 to 65 years old
Potential challenges include , , and caring for aging parents
Continued personal and professional development, potentially reaching career peak
Physical changes such as menopause and decreased fertility
begins at approximately 65 years old
and adjustment to new social roles and activities
Potential and increased risk of (, arthritis)
Reflection on life experiences and legacy, coming to terms with mortality
Life-Span Perspective
Developmental Tasks and Plasticity
Life-span perspective views development as a lifelong process that occurs in multiple domains (physical, cognitive, social-emotional)
Emphasizes the interconnectedness of different stages and the cumulative nature of development
Recognizes that development is influenced by historical and cultural context
are age-related expectations and challenges that individuals face at different stages of life
Infancy: forming attachment to caregivers
Adolescence: establishing autonomy and forming identity
Late adulthood: adjusting to retirement and potential health declines
refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience throughout the lifespan
Although plasticity is greatest in childhood, the brain maintains some degree of plasticity in adulthood
Engaging in mentally stimulating activities and maintaining social connections can promote cognitive plasticity in older adulthood