1.1 Geographical overview of the Caribbean region

The Caribbean region is a diverse archipelago of islands and coastal areas, spanning from the Greater Antilles to the Lesser Antilles. This tropical paradise boasts varied landscapes, from volcanic mountains to coral reefs, shaping its rich cultural tapestry.

The Caribbean Sea connects these islands, creating a unique maritime environment with complex boundaries and ecosystems. The region's geology, climate, and biodiversity play crucial roles in its history and cultural development, influencing music and traditions.

Major Island Groups

Greater and Lesser Antilles

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• Greater Antilles encompasses larger islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)
• Lesser Antilles consists of smaller island chain stretching from Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago
• West Indies refers collectively to Caribbean islands, including both Greater and Lesser Antilles
• Island nations in the Caribbean include independent countries (Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica)
• Archipelago describes cluster of islands forming the Caribbean region

Geographic Characteristics of Caribbean Islands

• Islands vary in size from large landmasses (Cuba) to tiny cays and islets
• Volcanic origins shape many islands, resulting in mountainous interiors (Blue Mountains in Jamaica)
• Coral reefs surround numerous islands, forming protective barriers and rich marine ecosystems
• Diverse landscapes range from lush rainforests to arid regions within single islands (Puerto Rico)

Geographic Features

Caribbean Sea and Maritime Boundaries

• Caribbean Sea forms central body of water connecting islands and coastal regions
• Spans approximately 1.063 million square miles between North and South America
• Maritime boundaries define territorial waters and economic zones of Caribbean nations
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) extend up to 200 nautical miles from coastlines
• International waters beyond EEZs governed by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Continental Caribbean and Climate

• Continental Caribbean includes mainland countries bordering the Caribbean Sea (Belize, Colombia, Venezuela)
• Tropical climate predominates throughout the region with warm temperatures year-round
• Average temperatures range from 75°F to 85°F (24°C to 29°C)
• Two distinct seasons: dry season (December to April) and wet season (May to November)
• Hurricane season typically occurs from June to November, affecting many Caribbean islands

Geological and Environmental Features

• Tectonic activity shapes the region, with active volcanoes on some islands (Soufrière Hills on Montserrat)
• Earthquakes occur periodically due to the interaction of Caribbean and North American tectonic plates
• Mangrove forests line coastal areas, providing crucial habitats and protection from storms
• Biodiversity hotspots exist throughout the Caribbean, hosting unique flora and fauna
• Climate change poses significant threats to low-lying islands and coastal areas (rising sea levels, increased storm intensity)