1.3 Sources of Trademark Law: Lanham Act and Common Law
3 min read•july 25, 2024
U.S. law stems from multiple sources, including the , common law, state statutes, and international treaties. These sources work together to create a comprehensive system of trademark protection, balancing federal and state interests.
The Lanham Act provides strong federal protection through registration, while common law rights arise from use. Each system has advantages and limitations, with federal registration offering broader protection but common law providing immediate, localized rights without formalities.
Federal and Common Law Sources of Trademark Protection
Sources of US trademark law
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Lanham Act (Trademark Act of 1946) serves as primary federal statute governing trademarks, service marks, and unfair competition codified in 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051 et seq
Common law developed through court decisions and precedents varies by state (California, New York)
State trademark statutes complement federal law and common law ()
International treaties shape global trademark protection (, )
Provisions of Lanham Act
Registration of trademarks on provides stronger protection and for descriptive marks
Protects various types of marks including trademarks (Nike swoosh), service marks (McDonald's golden arches), certification marks (USDA Organic), and collective marks (CPA for accountants)
Establishes causes of action for , , , and
Provides remedies such as , , and in exceptional cases
Recognizes defenses including (nominative, descriptive), , and
Grants initial protection term of 10 years, renewable indefinitely with proper use and maintenance
Common law in trademark rights
Establishes rights through use based on first-to-use principle without requiring registration
Limits geographic scope of protection to areas of actual use or reputation
Provides state-specific protections through anti-dilution statutes and unfair competition laws
Expands protectable subject matter to include (Coca-Cola bottle shape) and
Develops new doctrines such as and
Influences interpretation and application of Lanham Act provisions leading to circuit splits on various issues
Federal registration vs common law
Federal registration advantages:
Grants nationwide constructive notice of trademark rights
Provides prima facie evidence of validity in legal proceedings
Allows for incontestability after five years of continuous use
Secures federal court jurisdiction for trademark disputes
Permits use of ® symbol
Serves as basis for foreign registrations
Federal registration limitations:
Involves costs for obtaining and maintaining registration
Subjects mark to potential cancellation or opposition proceedings
Common law protection advantages:
Offers immediate protection upon use without registration
Eliminates registration fees and maintenance requirements
Protects marks that may not qualify for federal registration (local business names)
Common law protection limitations:
Restricts geographic scope of protection
Places burden of proving ownership and validity on trademark owner
Excludes access to certain statutory damages or remedies
Concurrent use considerations address conflicts between federal registrants and common law users, including junior users in remote geographic areas