Identity formation is a complex process shaped by psychological, sociological, and cultural factors. Theories like Erikson's stages and explore how individuals develop their sense of self over time, integrating past experiences and future aspirations.
and examine how group membership and social interactions influence identity. Contemporary perspectives challenge traditional notions, emphasizing fluid, fragmented identities shaped by and social structures.
Psychological Theories of Identity
Erikson's Stages and Identity Development
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Top images from around the web for Erikson's Stages and Identity Development
Who are Today’s Students? – Introduction to Education View original
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1960s: Erikson – Parenting and Family Diversity Issues View original
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focuses on how individuals form their sense of self over time
Emphasizes the role of exploration and commitment in identity formation
Includes four identity statuses: , , , and
outline eight stages from infancy to late adulthood
Each stage presents a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved for healthy development
Adolescence stage (12-18 years) centers on identity vs. role confusion
Young adulthood stage (19-40 years) focuses on intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood stage (40-65 years) involves generativity vs. stagnation
Late adulthood stage (65+ years) addresses ego integrity vs. despair
Narrative Identity and Self-Concept
Narrative identity involves constructing a coherent life story to understand oneself
Integrates past experiences, present circumstances, and future aspirations
Helps individuals make sense of their lives and create meaning
Evolves over time as new experiences are incorporated into the narrative
Influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors
Can be reshaped through therapy, self-reflection, or significant life events
Contributes to overall and sense of continuity
Plays a role in decision-making and goal-setting processes
Sociological Theories of Identity
Social Identity Theory and Group Membership
Social Identity Theory examines how group membership influences individual identity
Developed by and in the 1970s
Proposes that people categorize themselves and others into social groups
Involves three main processes: , , and
Social categorization organizes individuals into groups based on shared characteristics (gender, nationality)
Social identification occurs when individuals adopt the identity of the group they belong to
Social comparison involves evaluating one's own group in relation to other groups
Can lead to and
Influences self-esteem, behavior, and intergroup relations
Symbolic Interactionism and Identity Formation
Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how social interactions shape individual identity
Developed by and further elaborated by
Emphasizes the importance of symbols and meanings in social interactions
Proposes that individuals develop their sense of self through interactions with others
Involves three core principles: meaning, language, and thought
Meaning arises from social interactions and interpretations of symbols
Language provides a means for negotiating meaning and creating shared understanding
Thought allows individuals to interpret symbols and modify their meanings
Highlights the dynamic nature of identity formation through ongoing social processes
Explores concepts like the "" and in identity development
Contemporary Theories of Identity
Postmodern Perspectives on Identity
Postmodern theories of identity challenge traditional notions of a fixed, stable self
Emphasize the fluid, fragmented, and socially constructed nature of identity
Reject grand narratives and universal truths in favor of multiple, contextualized perspectives
Highlight the role of power, , and social structures in shaping identities
Explore concepts like , where identity is seen as a series of repeated acts
's theory of gender performativity views gender as a social construct
Examine , recognizing the complex interplay of multiple identity categories
Address the impact of and technology on identity formation
Investigate how social media and influence self-presentation and identity
Consider the role of consumption and lifestyle choices in constructing identities
Analyze the concept of in multicultural and postcolonial contexts