Oceans are bustling with nutrient cycles and energy flow. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus move through marine ecosystems, supporting life from microscopic plankton to massive whales. These cycles are crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of ocean ecosystems.
Primary producers like phytoplankton form the base of marine food webs. They capture sunlight and convert it into energy-rich compounds, fueling the entire ecosystem. Factors like light, nutrients, and temperature influence ocean productivity, shaping marine life's distribution and abundance.
Nutrient Cycles in the Ocean
Nutrient cycles in oceans
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Carbon cycle
Atmospheric CO2 dissolves in surface waters forming carbonic acid (H 2 C O 3 H_2CO_3 H 2 C O 3 )
Photosynthesis by phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates) incorporates carbon into organic compounds (glucose, amino acids)
Respiration and decomposition by bacteria and other organisms release CO2 back into the water and atmosphere
Carbon can be stored in deep ocean waters and sediments for long periods (centuries to millennia)
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas (N2) is abundant in the atmosphere but unavailable to most organisms
Nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria (Trichodesmium) converts N2 into biologically available forms (ammonium, N H 4 + NH_4^+ N H 4 + )
Nitrification by bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter) converts ammonium to nitrite (N O 2 − NO_2^- N O 2 − ) and then to nitrate (N O 3 − NO_3^- N O 3 − )
Denitrification by bacteria in anoxic conditions converts nitrate back into N2 gas
Phosphorus cycle
Phosphorus enters the ocean through weathering of rocks and minerals (apatite)
Phytoplankton incorporate phosphorus into organic compounds (ATP, DNA)
Decomposition by bacteria releases phosphorus back into the water as phosphate (P O 4 3 − PO_4^{3-} P O 4 3 − )
Phosphorus can be lost from the system through sedimentation and burial in seafloor sediments
Energy Flow in Marine Ecosystems
Primary producers in marine ecosystems
Primary producers (phytoplankton, seaweeds, seagrasses) capture solar energy through photosynthesis
Convert inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids)
Store energy in chemical bonds of these compounds
Primary producers form the base of marine food webs
Provide energy and nutrients for higher trophic levels
Zooplankton (copepods, krill) and other primary consumers (small fish, mollusks) feed on primary producers
Transfer energy to higher trophic levels (larger fish, seabirds, marine mammals)
Factors influencing ocean productivity
Light availability
Photosynthesis requires sufficient light energy (wavelengths of 400-700 nm)
Phytoplankton are most productive in the euphotic zone (upper 200 m of the ocean)
Factors affecting light penetration (water clarity, season, latitude) influence productivity
Nutrient concentrations
Primary producers require essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, silica)
Nutrient limitation (especially nitrogen and iron) can restrict primary productivity
Upwelling and mixing bring nutrients from deep waters to the surface
Water temperature
Temperature affects metabolic rates and growth of primary producers
Optimal temperature ranges vary among species (polar vs. tropical phytoplankton)
Stratification and mixing of water layers influence temperature and nutrient distribution
Importance of nutrient and energy flow
Nutrient cycling
Ensures the availability of essential elements for primary production
Maintains the balance and productivity of marine ecosystems
Disruptions in nutrient cycles can lead to eutrophication (excess nutrients) or nutrient limitation
Energy flow
Transfers energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels
Supports the growth and reproduction of marine organisms
Influences the structure and dynamics of marine food webs (trophic cascades)
Interactions between nutrient cycling and energy flow
Efficient nutrient cycling supports high primary productivity
High primary productivity enables greater energy flow to higher trophic levels
Disruptions in either process can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem (coral bleaching, fishery collapses)