Self-esteem and shape how kids view themselves during . These concepts influence a child's confidence, motivation, and ability to tackle challenges head-on.
As kids grow, they develop more realistic self-views. Positive experiences, supportive relationships, and a sense of control over their lives help build healthy self-esteem and strong self-efficacy beliefs.
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Components of Self-Esteem
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Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall positive evaluation of the self
Global self-worth is the general feeling of being satisfied with oneself and viewing oneself as a good person
involves evaluations of the self in particular areas (academics, social relationships, physical appearance)
is the set of beliefs one has about oneself and one's attributes, which includes self-esteem
involves evaluating one's abilities, opinions, and attributes in relation to those of others (classmates, siblings, friends)
Development of Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood
Children's self-esteem becomes more stable and realistic during middle childhood as they develop cognitive skills to consider multiple aspects of the self simultaneously
Parenting styles influence children's self-esteem development
(warm, responsive, and demanding) is associated with higher self-esteem
(cold, unresponsive, and demanding) is associated with lower self-esteem
Positive social interactions with peers and success in academics and extracurricular activities contribute to higher self-esteem
Negative experiences such as bullying, academic difficulties, and social rejection can lead to lower self-esteem
Self-Efficacy and Mastery
Understanding Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
, in which individuals succeed at challenging tasks, are the most effective way to build self-efficacy
, such as observing others succeed, can also increase self-efficacy by demonstrating that success is possible
from others, such as encouragement and support, can boost self-efficacy
Physiological and , such as stress and anxiety, can influence self-efficacy beliefs
Locus of Control and Mastery Orientation
refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them
is the belief that one's own actions determine outcomes
is the belief that outside forces (luck, fate, powerful others) determine outcomes
is the belief that effort and practice can improve one's abilities and lead to success
Children with an internal locus of control and a mastery orientation are more likely to persist in the face of challenges and develop higher self-efficacy
Parents and teachers can foster a mastery orientation by praising effort and improvement rather than innate ability and by providing opportunities for children to learn from mistakes