10.2 Trade routes and commercial networks

Egypt's trade routes and commercial networks were the lifeblood of its economy under Roman rule. From bustling ports on the Red Sea to thriving Mediterranean harbors, Egypt became a hub of international commerce.

Overland caravans and river transport complemented maritime trade, creating a complex web of economic activity. The state regulated trade through customs, tariffs, and price controls, while merchant guilds played a crucial role in organizing commercial ventures.

Maritime Trade Routes

Red Sea and Indian Ocean Commerce

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• Red Sea trade connected Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and India
• Indian Ocean commerce expanded under the Romans, with trade reaching as far as Southeast Asia
• Ports along the Red Sea coast (Berenike, Myos Hormos) served as key points for maritime trade
• Monsoon winds facilitated seasonal trade across the Indian Ocean
• Luxury goods traded included spices, incense, textiles, precious stones, and exotic animals

Mediterranean Trade and Nile River Transport

• Mediterranean trade linked Egypt to the wider Roman Empire and beyond
• Grain, olive oil, wine, and manufactured goods were major exports from Egypt via the Mediterranean
• Alexandria emerged as a major trading hub, connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade networks
• Nile River served as a vital transport route, connecting the Mediterranean coast with the interior of Egypt
• Ports and harbors along the Nile and Mediterranean coast facilitated the movement of goods (Pelusium, Thonis-Heracleion)

Overland Trade Infrastructure

Caravans and Merchant Guilds

• Caravans facilitated overland trade across the Eastern Desert and beyond
• Camels were the primary mode of transport for overland trade caravans
• Merchant guilds played a significant role in organizing and regulating trade activities
• Guilds provided support, protection, and representation for their members
• Palmyrene merchants were particularly active in the caravan trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia

Customs, Tariffs, and Trade Regulation

• Customs and tariffs were imposed on goods entering and leaving Egypt
• Roman authorities established customs houses (stathmoi) at key border points to collect duties
• Tariffs varied depending on the type of goods and their origin or destination
• Trade regulations aimed to control the flow of goods, protect local industries, and generate revenue for the state
• The state also regulated the prices of certain essential goods to ensure stability and prevent exploitation