RNA transcription is the process of creating RNA from a DNA template. It's a crucial step in gene expression, allowing genetic information to be transferred from DNA to RNA. This process involves initiation , elongation , and termination , with RNA polymerase as the key enzyme.
Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes , mainly in location and complexity. Prokaryotes transcribe in the cytoplasm with one RNA polymerase , while eukaryotes use three types in the nucleus. Understanding these differences is essential for grasping cellular processes.
RNA Transcription
Process of RNA synthesis
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RNA synthesis or transcription creates RNA from a DNA template
Occurs in the 5' to 3' direction catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase
Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed
Unwinds the DNA double helix exposing the template strand for transcription
Elongation
RNA polymerase reads the template strand 3' to 5' adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA strand 5' to 3'
Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U)
Thymine (T) replaced by Uracil (U) in RNA
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
RNA sugar-phosphate backbone formed as nucleotides are added (ribose sugar in RNA vs deoxyribose in DNA)
Termination
RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA
Newly synthesized RNA strand released and RNA polymerase dissociates from the DNA template
Transcription in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Similarities
Both use DNA as a template and require RNA polymerase to catalyze RNA synthesis
Follow the basic steps of initiation, elongation, and termination
Differences
Prokaryotic transcription
Occurs in the cytoplasm using a single type of RNA polymerase for all RNA synthesis
Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously (no nuclear membrane)
Eukaryotic transcription
Occurs in the nucleus using three types of RNA polymerase (I, II, and III) for different RNA molecules
RNA polymerase I : ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA polymerase II : messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA polymerase III : transfer RNA (tRNA) and other small RNAs
Transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated
Newly transcribed RNA undergoes post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus before translation (splicing , capping , polyadenylation )
Components of transcription process
Promoters
Specific DNA sequences located upstream of the gene serving as binding sites for RNA polymerase
Contain consensus sequences recognized by RNA polymerase and transcription factors (TATA box in eukaryotes, -10 and -35 sequences in prokaryotes)
Determine the starting point and direction of transcription
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis from a DNA template
Unwinds the DNA double helix exposing the template strand
Reads the template strand 3' to 5' and synthesizes RNA 5' to 3'
Maintains stability of the transcription bubble during elongation
Recognizes and binds to promoter sequences to initiate transcription
Termination signals
Specific DNA sequences signaling the end of a gene and termination of transcription
Prokaryotic termination signals
Rho-dependent termination : Rho factor protein binds to RNA causing RNA polymerase to dissociate from DNA
Rho-independent termination : Inverted repeat sequences followed by A-T base pairs form a stem-loop structure in RNA causing RNA polymerase to stall and dissociate
Eukaryotic termination signals
Less well-defined involving recognition of specific sequences and binding of termination factors to the RNA polymerase complex
DNA and RNA structure
Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Template strand: The DNA strand used as a template for RNA synthesis during transcription
Coding strand : The DNA strand complementary to the template strand, identical in sequence to the RNA transcript (with T replaced by U)
Base pairing : Specific hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotides (A-T/U and G-C) that ensures accurate transcription
Genetic code and protein synthesis
Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule
Codon : A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation
Anticodon : A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA