12.1 The history and development of the Texas education system

Texas education has evolved from colonial mission schools to a complex modern system. The journey includes key legislation, court decisions, and ongoing debates about funding and accountability.

Today's system involves various stakeholders, from policymakers to educators. While progress has been made in access and diversity, challenges persist in addressing achievement gaps and ensuring equitable opportunities for all students.

Evolution of Texas Education

Colonial Origins and Early Statehood

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• Texas education system originated in Spanish colonial period with mission schools for Native American children and religious instruction
• Republic of Texas era (1836-1845) Constitution of 1836 mandated establishment of public education system
  • Implementation limited due to financial constraints
• Common School Era (1854-1949) created state-funded public school system
  • School Law of 1854 established permanent school fund

Modernization and Standardization

• Gilmer-Aikin Laws of 1949 modernized Texas education system
  • Created Texas Education Agency
  • Implemented reforms in school funding and administration
• Standardized testing implementation began with Texas Assessment of Basic Skills (TABS) in 1980
  • Marked shift towards accountability in education
• Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) curriculum standards adopted in 1997
  • Established statewide learning objectives for each subject and grade level
• Ongoing debates over school finance and accountability measures
  • Include discussions on property tax reform and alternative funding sources

Impact of Legislation and Court Decisions

Constitutional and Legislative Foundations

• Texas Constitution of 1876 established Permanent School Fund
  • Provides financial support through land and mineral rights revenues
• Compulsory Education Law of 1915 required school attendance for children ages 8-14
  • Increased enrollment and literacy rates significantly
• Bilingual Education Act of 1968 (federal) and subsequent state legislation
  • Mandated bilingual education programs in Texas schools
  • Addressed needs of growing Hispanic student population

Landmark Court Decisions

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) led to desegregation of Texas schools
  • Implementation met with resistance
  • Full realization took years to achieve
• Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby series (1989-1995)
  • Challenged constitutionality of Texas school finance system
  • Led to reforms aimed at equalizing funding between property-rich and property-poor districts

Federal Influence and Accountability

• No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and state-level implementation
  • Emphasized standardized testing and school accountability measures
  • Introduced Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) requirements for schools
• Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015 replaced No Child Left Behind
  • Provided more flexibility to states in setting education standards and accountability measures

Stakeholders in Texas Education

Government Entities and Policymakers

• Texas Legislature determines education policy, funding, and standards
  • Passes laws affecting curriculum, testing, and school operations
• State Board of Education (SBOE) establishes curriculum standards
  • Adopts textbooks and instructional materials
  • Oversees management of Permanent School Fund
• Texas Education Agency (TEA) implements policies and oversees public education
  • Led by Commissioner of Education
  • Manages statewide assessment and accountability systems

Educational Professionals and Advocates

• Teacher unions and professional organizations influence education policy
  • Texas State Teachers Association advocates for educators' interests
  • Association of Texas Professional Educators provides professional development and lobbying
• Parent-teacher associations and community groups participate in local school governance
  • Texas PTA influences state-level education policies through advocacy campaigns
• Business and industry leaders align education with workforce needs
  • Texas Association of Business advocates for education reform to improve workforce readiness
  • Local chambers of commerce often partner with schools for internship and mentorship programs

Challenges and Successes of Equal Access

Achievements in Access and Diversity

• Texas increased overall student enrollment and graduation rates
  • Improvements particularly notable among historically underserved populations
• Magnet schools and charter schools expanded educational options
  • Debates continue over impact on traditional public schools
• Texas developed programs for English language learners
  • Implemented dual language immersion programs in many districts
  • Challenges remain in ensuring equitable outcomes for growing ELL population

Persistent Disparities and Ongoing Challenges

• Achievement gaps between racial and socioeconomic groups persist
  • Various initiatives aimed at closing disparities (tutoring programs, targeted interventions)
• School finance system faces ongoing legal challenges and policy debates
  • Property tax-based funding contributes to disparities between districts
  • Robin Hood system attempts to redistribute funds from wealthy to poorer districts
• Access to advanced coursework and college preparatory programs varies
  • Rural and low-income urban areas often have fewer opportunities
  • Efforts to expand AP and dual credit courses in underserved areas

Special Education and Equity Efforts

• Texas made progress in special education access and services
  • Faced criticism and federal intervention for past policies limiting student identification
  • Recent efforts to improve special education services and compliance with federal laws
• Ongoing initiatives to address digital divide in education
  • Programs to provide devices and internet access to low-income students
  • Challenges highlighted by shift to remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic