2.3 Equations of state and activity coefficient models
2 min read•july 24, 2024
Equations of state are mathematical models that describe fluid behavior under various conditions. They're essential for predicting phase changes, calculating properties, and estimating equilibrium compositions in separation processes.
From the to more complex cubic equations, these models account for molecular interactions and . and parameter estimation techniques further refine our understanding of mixture thermodynamics in real-world applications.
Equations of State
Principles of state equations
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Equations of state (EOS) describe thermodynamic behavior of fluids through mathematical relationships between temperature, pressure, volume, and composition
EOS models assume spherical molecules, averaged intermolecular forces, and no chemical reactions occurring
Used to predict phase behavior, calculate thermodynamic properties (, ), and estimate equilibrium compositions
Ideal gas law (PV=nRT) serves as simplest EOS, more complex models account for non-ideal behavior (van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong)
Application of cubic state equations
pioneered incorporating molecular attraction (a) and repulsion (b) parameters: (P+v2a)(v−b)=RT
improved accuracy with temperature-dependent attraction term: P=v−bRT−Tv(v+b)a
further refined liquid density predictions: P=v−bRT−v(v+b)+b(v−b)aα(T)
Cubic EOS applications include calculations, critical point estimation, and determination
Activity coefficient models for mixtures
Activity coefficient models predict non-ideal behavior in liquid mixtures based on
Models assume local composition concept and utilize binary interaction parameters
Margules equation offers simplest approach with single adjustable parameter: lnγi=Axj2
Van Laar equation extends Margules with two parameters: lnγ1=(1+A21A12(x2x1))2A12
Wilson equation incorporates local composition concept: lnγi=1−ln(∑jxjΛij)−∑k∑jxjΛkjxkΛik
accounts for non-random molecular orientations using three parameters (τij,Gij,αij)
combines combinatorial and residual contributions to account for molecular size and shape differences
Parameter estimation for thermodynamic models
minimizes difference between predicted and experimental data using sum of squared errors as objective function
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data utilized to fit model parameters through P-T-x-y experimental measurements
applied for linear regression (simple models) and non-linear regression (complex models)
accounts for experimental uncertainties in parameter fitting
uses portion of data for fitting and remainder for model validation
evaluates impact of parameter changes on model predictions and identifies most influential parameters