2.4 Roman Art: Portraiture, Wall Painting, and Engineering
2 min read•july 18, 2024
Roman art blended Greek and Etruscan influences, creating a unique style. From realistic portraiture to vibrant wall paintings, Romans used art to document individuals, convey status, and preserve legacies.
Roman engineering revolutionized architecture with innovations like concrete, arches, and domes. These advancements enabled the construction of iconic structures like the , Colosseum, and aqueducts, showcasing Roman ingenuity and power.
Roman Art: Influences and Styles
Greek and Etruscan influence on Roman art
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Greek influence seen in idealized human forms, contrapposto stance (weight shifted to one leg), naturalistic rendering, and mythological themes (gods and heroes)
Etruscan influence evident in realistic portraiture, sculptures, sarcophagi with reclining figures, and vibrant wall paintings depicting daily life and religious scenes
Roman Portraiture and Wall Painting
Development of Roman portraiture
Republican period characterized by veristic style which includes realistic, warts-and-all depictions emphasizing age, experience, and character (wrinkles, scars)
Imperial period marked by idealized portraits of emperors serving propagandistic purposes and portraying power, authority, and divine status (Augustus of Prima Porta)
Portraiture significant for documenting individuals and family lineages, conveying social status and political power, and preserving memory and legacy
Wall painting in Roman spaces
Domestic spaces featured decorative frescoes in villas and houses following Four Pompeian styles:
First Style: imitation of and masonry
Second Style: illusionistic architectural scenes creating depth
Third Style: ornamental and delicate designs with Egyptian motifs
Fourth Style: combination of previous styles with theatrical elements
Public spaces like temples, baths, and public buildings displayed frescoes depicting mythological and historical scenes serving instructive and propagandistic purposes (Pompeii's Villa of the Mysteries)
Fresco technique involved painting on damp plaster allowing for vibrant colors, shading, perspective, and depth
Roman Engineering and Architecture
Roman engineering and architectural innovations
Concrete, a mixture of lime, water, sand, and volcanic ash (pozzolana), enabled construction of large-scale structures that were durable and versatile
Arches, semicircular structures that distribute weight evenly, used in aqueducts, bridges, and triumphal arches ( of Constantine)
Domes, hemispherical structures that enabled construction of vast interior spaces, used in temples, public baths, and palaces (Hadrian's Villa)
Significant examples showcasing Roman engineering:
Pantheon: largest unreinforced concrete spanning 43 meters
Colosseum: amphitheater with complex system of arches and vaults
Aqueducts: extensive water supply systems spanning hundreds of kilometers (Pont du Gard)
Basilicas: large public buildings for legal and commercial purposes with central nave and aisles (Basilica of Maxentius)