Blockchain blocks are the fundamental building blocks of the distributed ledger. Each block contains a header with metadata, a Merkle tree summarizing transactions, and the transaction data itself. This structure ensures efficient organization and verification of data.
The cryptographic linking of blocks creates a tamper-evident chain, making the blockchain immutable. New blocks are added through a consensus process, with miners or validators competing to create and broadcast valid blocks to the network.
Block Structure
Components of blockchain blocks
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Block header contains metadata about the block
Previous block hash links the current block to the preceding block in the chain
Timestamp indicates when the block was created (Unix timestamp )
Merkle root summarizes all transactions in the block using a hash tree
Nonce is a random number used in the mining process to find a valid block hash (32-bit)
Merkle tree efficiently organizes and verifies the integrity of transactions
Leaves are hashes of individual transactions (SHA-256)
Non-leaf nodes combine hashes of their child nodes (concatenate and hash)
Root is the top hash representing the entire set of transactions in the block
Transaction data includes a list of all transactions contained within the block
Each transaction specifies sender, recipient, amount, and digital signature
Transactions are typically stored in a serialized format (JSON, binary)
Cryptographic linking of blocks
Each block header includes the hash of the previous block creating a chain
Linking blocks in this manner makes the blockchain tamper-evident
Altering any data in a block changes its hash
Subsequent blocks' hashes will no longer match breaking the chain
Allows easy detection and rejection of attempts to modify past blocks
Ensures the integrity and immutability of the blockchain
Process of adding new blocks
Miners or validators compete to create new blocks based on the consensus mechanism
Proof-of-Work (PoW): Miners solve a computational puzzle to find a valid block hash
Proof-of-Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen to create blocks based on their stake
The selected miner or validator creates a new block containing validated transactions
The new block is broadcast to the entire network for verification
Other nodes verify the block's validity and add it to their local copy of the blockchain
The newly added block propagates through the network ensuring consistency across nodes
Genesis block vs subsequent blocks
Genesis block is the first block in a blockchain with special characteristics
Hardcoded into the blockchain software (no previous block hash)
Often contains unique transactions or messages (coinbase transaction)
Subsequent blocks are all blocks following the genesis block in the chain
Each subsequent block references the previous block's hash in its header
Contains regular transactions that have been validated by the network