3.1 Classical Conditioning and its Educational Applications
3 min read•august 7, 2024
Classical conditioning is a powerful learning process where neutral stimuli become associated with meaningful ones. It explains how we develop automatic responses to certain cues in our environment, like salivating when we smell food cooking or feeling anxious when we hear a dentist's drill.
This foundational concept in behavioral learning theory was discovered by while studying dogs. His work showed how repeated pairings of stimuli can create new learned responses, shaping behavior through rather than conscious thought or reasoning.
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
Key Components of Classical Conditioning
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(US) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning (food)
(UR) is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior learning (salivation in response to food)
(CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a (bell)
Conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus (salivation in response to bell)
Pavlov's Groundbreaking Experiments
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs
Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them, even when the food was not present
He realized that the dogs were associating the lab technician with the food and salivating in response to the technician, demonstrating learning through association
Processes in Classical Conditioning
Acquisition and Extinction
is the initial stage of learning when a response is established and gradually strengthened by repeatedly pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together, and the conditioned response gradually becomes stronger over successive pairings (pairing bell with food until dog salivates to bell alone)
is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
During extinction, the conditioned stimulus is presented alone, and the conditioned response becomes weaker over successive presentations without the unconditioned stimulus (presenting bell without food until salivation to bell stops)
Spontaneous Recovery
is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
After extinction, the conditioned response may recover or reappear spontaneously when the conditioned stimulus is presented again after a period of time has elapsed (salivation to bell reappears after a rest period following extinction)
Stimulus Control in Classical Conditioning
Generalization and Discrimination
is the tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (responding to tones similar to the original bell)
Generalization allows an organism to respond to new, similar stimuli without additional training, which can be adaptive in many situations
is the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus (responding only to the specific bell and not to other tones)
Discrimination enables an organism to respond selectively to specific stimuli and not to others, which can be important for survival and effective learning
Early Researchers
Ivan Pavlov's Contributions
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs
Pavlov's work laid the foundation for the study of learning and behavior in psychology and demonstrated that learning can occur through the association of stimuli
His research on conditioned reflexes and classical conditioning had a profound influence on the development of behaviorism and the understanding of learning processes
John B. Watson's Role in Behaviorism
(1878-1958) was an American psychologist and one of the founders of behaviorism
Watson built upon Pavlov's work and argued that all behavior, including complex human behaviors, could be explained through the principles of classical conditioning
He conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment, demonstrating that emotional responses (fear) could be classically conditioned in humans (pairing a white rat with a loud noise)
Watson's work helped establish behaviorism as a dominant force in psychology and emphasized the importance of observable behavior and environmental influences on learning