3.2 Figured bass and basso continuo

Figured bass and basso continuo were crucial elements in Baroque music. These systems provided a flexible harmonic foundation, allowing musicians to improvise and adapt their performances. Understanding these concepts is key to grasping Baroque musical structure and performance practice.

The continuo group, typically a keyboard and low melodic instrument, realized the figured bass notation. This created a rich harmonic backdrop for melodic lines and solos, fostering a dynamic interplay between musicians during performances.

Figured Bass and Basso Continuo in Baroque Music

Figured bass in Baroque music

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• System of musical notation used extensively in Baroque era compositions
  • Consists of a bass line with numbers and accidentals (sharps, flats, naturals) written below the notes
  • Numbers indicate intervals to be played above the bass note (6 for sixth, 4 for fourth)
• Provides harmonic foundation and structure for the composition
• Allows for improvisation and flexibility in the accompaniment by the continuo group
• Supports melodic lines and solo instruments (violins, flutes) by providing harmonic context

Concept of basso continuo

• Basso continuo or continuo refers to the continuous bass line played throughout a Baroque piece
  • Provides harmonic support and foundation for the entire ensemble
• Typically performed by a group of instruments known as the continuo group
  • Usually includes a keyboard instrument (harpsichord, organ) and a low melodic instrument (cello, bassoon, viola da gamba)
• Keyboard instrument realizes the figured bass by playing chords and improvising harmonies
• Low melodic instrument doubles the bass line, reinforcing the foundation and adding depth

Interpretation of figured bass

• Figured bass notation uses numbers and accidentals below the bass line to indicate intervals and chords
  • Numbers represent intervals above the bass note (42 for a fourth and second above the bass)
  • Accidentals modify the intervals (♯6 for a raised sixth, ♭3 for a lowered third)
• Realizing a continuo part involves:
  1. Playing the notated bass line with the left hand on the keyboard
  2. Interpreting the figured bass symbols to determine the intended chords and intervals
  3. Improvising and filling in the harmonies with the right hand based on the figured bass and musical context
• Requires knowledge of harmony, counterpoint, and improvisation to effectively realize the continuo part

Basso continuo vs other voices

• Basso continuo serves as the harmonic foundation, supporting the other voices and instruments
  • Provides a consistent and stable basis for the ensemble to build upon
  • Supports melodic lines and solo passages (arias, concertos) with harmonic accompaniment
• Continuo group listens and responds to the other voices, adapting the realization to complement and enhance the musical texture
  • Fills in harmonies and provides rhythmic drive, especially in tutti sections (when all voices play together)
  • Adjusts dynamics, articulation, and phrasing to blend with the ensemble
• Allows for flexibility and communication within the ensemble
  • Musicians can follow the continuo's lead for tempo, dynamics, and musical expression
  • Facilitates musical dialogue and interplay between the voices and instruments (call and response, imitation)