3.2 Khon: Thai Classical Masked Dance-Drama

Khon, Thailand's classical masked dance-drama, blends dance, pantomime, vocals, and music to tell stories from the Ramakien. Performers use stylized movements and elaborate masks to portray characters, while a chorus narrates the action accompanied by traditional Thai music.

Khon plays a crucial role in preserving Thai cultural heritage, particularly the Ramakien epic. Originating in the Angkor period, it flourished in Ayutthaya and was revived under royal patronage in Bangkok. Today, efforts continue to keep this art form relevant in modern Thai society.

Essential Elements of Khon

Dance, Pantomime, Vocal Recitation, and Music

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• Khon combines dance, pantomime, vocal recitation, and music to tell stories from the Ramakien (Thai version of the Hindu epic Ramayana)
• Dancers perform highly stylized and codified movements, gestures, and poses that convey emotions, actions, and relationships between characters
  • Every element of the dance has specific meaning
• The vocal recitation (kham phak) is performed by a chorus that narrates the story, describes the action, and provides dialogue for the characters
  • The chorus is accompanied by a piphat ensemble playing traditional Thai classical music

Performance Structure and Characters

• Performances are traditionally held outdoors and last all night, with the story unfolding through a series of scenes and acts
• The main characters in Khon are divided into four categories: male (phra), female (nang), demon (yak), and monkey (ling)
  • Each character type has specific masks, costumes, and dance movements that symbolize their roles and personalities
• Khon performances also incorporate clowns (khon drolly) who provide comic relief and interact with the audience between scenes

Symbolism in Khon Performances

Masks and Costumes

• The elaborate masks worn by Khon dancers are carefully crafted to represent specific characters and convey their personality traits, social status, and moral qualities
  • Phra (male hero) masks have small, delicate features and a white face to symbolize virtue, refinement, and nobility (Phra Rama wears a green mask)
  • Nang (female) characters do not wear masks but have elaborate headdresses and makeup that accentuate their beauty, grace, and femininity (Nang Sida has a white face)
  • Yak (demon) masks are large and fierce-looking, with protruding eyes, fangs, and vibrant colors (red, green, blue) to represent their evil nature and supernatural powers (Tosakanth has 10 faces and 20 arms)
  • Ling (monkey) masks have simian features and express the mischievous, loyal, and brave qualities of the monkey characters who are Rama's allies (Hanuman has a white face)
• The costumes in Khon are highly ornate and designed to enhance the dancers' movements while symbolizing the character's identity and status
  • Royalty and nobility wear elaborate headdresses and jewelry, while commoners have simpler attire

Gestures and Expressions

• Khon dancers use a complex system of hand gestures, body positions, and facial expressions to convey specific meanings and emotions
  • A downward-pointing finger represents death, while a raised open palm signifies blessing or benevolence
• The codified gestures, dance movements, and iconography used in Khon serve as a visual language that conveys complex ideas and emotions, making the stories and themes more accessible and memorable for audiences

Khon in Thai Culture

Historical Development

• Khon has its origins in the Angkor period (802-1431 AD) when the Khmer Empire dominated much of Southeast Asia
  • The earliest evidence of Khon comes from temple reliefs depicting dancers wearing masks
• The art form developed and flourished during the Ayutthaya period (1351-1767) when it became an important part of court life and religious ceremonies
  • Khon performances were used to celebrate important events, honor deities, and reinforce social hierarchies
• During the Bangkok period (1782-present), Khon underwent a revival and standardization under the patronage of the Thai monarchy
  • King Rama II (r. 1809-1824) was a skilled poet who rewrote the Ramakien and established the classical form of Khon still performed today

Cultural Importance

• Khon has played a significant role in preserving and transmitting Thai cultural heritage, particularly the Ramakien epic, which reflects Thai beliefs, values, and worldviews
  • The stories and characters in Khon are deeply embedded in Thai culture and continue to inspire art, literature, and popular media
• In modern times, Khon has faced challenges in adapting to changing social and economic conditions
  • Efforts to preserve and promote the art form, such as the establishment of the National Theatre and the inclusion of Khon in school curricula, have helped to ensure its survival and relevance

Khon and Thai Mythology

Preserving and Transmitting the Ramakien

• Khon is the primary means by which the Ramakien, the Thai version of the Ramayana, has been preserved and transmitted over centuries
  • The Ramakien is a cornerstone of Thai literature and mythology, reflecting Thai Buddhist beliefs, social values, and cultural identity
  • The epic tells the story of Prince Rama, an avatar of the god Vishnu, and his quest to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Tosakanth, exploring themes of duty, loyalty, and the triumph of good over evil
• Through Khon performances, the characters and stories of the Ramakien are brought to life and made accessible to a wide audience, including those who may not be literate or have access to written versions of the epic

Influence on Thai Art and Culture

• Khon has also played a role in preserving and transmitting other works of Thai literature, such as the Inao (a Thai adaptation of a Javanese epic) and the Enao (a story from the Pannas Jataka tales)
• Khon has influenced other forms of Thai art and culture, such as mural painting, sculpture, and classical music, which often depict scenes and characters from the Ramakien and other stories portrayed in Khon performances
• The preservation and transmission of Thai mythology and literature through Khon have helped to reinforce a shared cultural identity and sense of continuity with the past, even as Thai society has undergone significant changes and modernization