3.3 Sound plotting

Sound plotting is a vital communication tool in theatrical sound design. It visually represents audio elements and their placement, enabling seamless collaboration between sound designers, technicians, and other production departments.

Understanding sound plotting fundamentals is crucial for creating clear, comprehensive audio plans. Key components include speaker locations, sound source placements, signal flow indications, cue information, level settings, and specific sound characteristics for scenes.

Fundamentals of sound plotting

• Sound plotting serves as a crucial communication tool in theatrical sound design, providing a visual representation of audio elements and their placement
• Effective sound plots enable seamless collaboration between sound designers, technicians, and other production departments
• Understanding sound plotting fundamentals forms the foundation for creating clear, comprehensive audio plans for theatrical productions

Definition and purpose

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• Visual representation of audio elements and their placement within a theatrical production
• Communicates technical and creative aspects of sound design to production team members
• Serves as a roadmap for implementing sound cues, speaker placement, and signal routing
• Facilitates efficient setup, troubleshooting, and operation of sound systems during performances

Key components of plots

• Speaker locations and types (main speakers, surround sound, subwoofers)
• Sound source placements (microphones, playback devices, live instruments)
• Signal flow indications (routing between sources, processors, and outputs)
• Cue information (timing, transitions, effects)
• Level settings and dynamics for each audio element
• Notes on specific sound characteristics or requirements for scenes

Types of sound plots

Cue sheets

• Chronological listing of all sound cues in a production
• Includes cue numbers, descriptions, durations, and trigger points
• Often incorporates volume levels, fades, and effects for each cue
• May include additional columns for rehearsal notes or technical requirements
• Serves as a primary reference for sound operators during performances

Speaker plots

• Visual representation of speaker placement within the performance space
• Indicates speaker types, sizes, and orientations
• Shows coverage areas and intended sound dispersion patterns
• Includes information on power requirements and amplifier assignments
• May incorporate acoustic treatments or reflective surfaces in the venue

Signal flow diagrams

• Illustrates the path of audio signals from sources to destinations
• Shows interconnections between equipment (mixers, processors, amplifiers)
• Indicates signal types (analog, digital) and connection methods (XLR, fiber optic)
• Helps troubleshoot signal chain issues and plan cable runs
• May include gain structure information and level metering points

Creating effective sound plots

Software tools for plotting

• Dedicated theater design software (Vectorworks, WYSIWYG)
• Computer-aided design (CAD) programs (AutoCAD, SketchUp)
• Audio-specific software (EASE, MAPP XT)
• General-purpose graphic design tools (Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape)
• Spreadsheet applications for cue sheets (Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets)

Hand-drawn vs digital plots

• Hand-drawn plots offer quick sketching and on-site modifications
• Digital plots provide precision, easy editing, and shareable formats
• Combination approach uses hand sketches as initial concepts, refined digitally
• Digital plots facilitate integration with other design departments' files
• Consider venue requirements and production team preferences when choosing method

Standardized symbols and notations

• Utilize industry-standard symbols for speakers, microphones, and other audio equipment
• Adopt consistent notation for signal types, connections, and routing
• Incorporate legend or key to explain custom symbols or abbreviations
• Align with USITT (United States Institute for Theatre Technology) guidelines when applicable
• Ensure symbols are clear and distinguishable at various print sizes

Elements of a sound plot

Sound sources and destinations

• Identify and label all audio inputs (microphones, playback devices, instruments)
• Specify output destinations (main speakers, monitors, recording devices)
• Include details on source types (dynamic vs condenser microphones, digital vs analog inputs)
• Note any special requirements for sources (phantom power, direct boxes)
• Indicate backup or redundant sources for critical audio elements

Routing and patching

• Show signal paths from sources through processing to final outputs
• Specify patch bay connections and channel assignments on mixing consoles
• Include details on audio networks (Dante, AVB) if applicable
• Note any required format conversions (analog to digital, MADI to AES)
• Indicate insert points for effects processors or outboard gear

Levels and dynamics

• Specify target volume levels for different audio elements
• Include information on dynamic range and compression settings
• Note any required EQ or filtering for specific sources or outputs
• Indicate crossover points and settings for multi-way speaker systems
• Specify time-based effects (reverb, delay) and their parameters

Integrating with other design areas

Coordination with lighting plots

• Identify potential conflicts between speaker and lighting fixture placements
• Coordinate cable runs to avoid interference or safety hazards
• Consider impact of lighting on wireless microphone performance
• Align sound and lighting cues for synchronized effects
• Collaborate on creating immersive environments combining light and sound

Set design considerations

• Incorporate set elements that may affect sound propagation or reflection
• Identify potential mounting points for speakers or microphones within the set
• Address acoustic challenges posed by set materials or construction
• Coordinate speaker placement to maintain sightlines and aesthetic integrity
• Consider practical sound effects integrated into set pieces

Stage management collaboration

• Align sound cues with stage manager's prompt book
• Establish clear communication protocols for cue execution
• Coordinate microphone placement and actor movements
• Develop contingency plans for technical issues or missed cues
• Collaborate on creating effective rehearsal materials and run sheets

Sound plot organization

Chronological vs spatial layouts

• Chronological layouts present cues in order of occurrence during the performance
• Spatial layouts focus on physical placement of audio elements within the venue
• Combine approaches to create comprehensive plots addressing both timing and positioning
• Consider creating separate plots for different aspects (cue sheet, speaker plot, patch list)
• Tailor organization to the specific needs of the production and venue

Color coding techniques

• Assign colors to different types of audio sources (vocals, music, effects)
• Use color to distinguish between speaker types or coverage areas
• Apply color coding to signal flow paths for easy tracing
• Utilize color to highlight critical cues or important notes
• Ensure color choices remain distinguishable when printed in grayscale

Labeling and numbering systems

• Develop clear, consistent labeling conventions for all audio elements
• Implement logical numbering systems for cues, speakers, and input channels
• Use prefixes or suffixes to categorize different types of audio elements
• Ensure labels are legible and appropriately sized for various plot scales
• Create a master reference list of all labels and numbers used in the plot

Revising and updating plots

Version control methods

• Implement a clear versioning system (v1.0, v1.1, v2.0) for plot revisions
• Maintain a changelog documenting all modifications between versions
• Use cloud-based storage or version control software for collaborative editing
• Establish naming conventions for files to easily identify the latest version
• Archive previous versions for reference and to track the design evolution

Communicating changes to team

• Distribute updated plots to all relevant team members promptly
• Highlight significant changes visually within the plot (color, callouts)
• Conduct team briefings to review and discuss major plot revisions
• Utilize collaborative software features for commenting and change tracking
• Establish a system for team members to acknowledge receipt of updates

Adapting plots during tech rehearsals

• Develop a streamlined process for making quick plot updates during tech
• Use digital tools that allow for rapid modifications and reprinting
• Maintain a master plot at the tech table for immediate reference
• Implement a system for collecting and prioritizing necessary plot changes
• Schedule regular plot review sessions during the tech process

Legal and practical considerations

Copyright and licensing notations

• Include copyright information for all copyrighted audio content used
• Note licensing details and any restrictions on use or reproduction
• Specify attribution requirements for creative commons or open-source audio
• Include contact information for rights holders or licensing agencies
• Document any custom agreements or permissions obtained for the production

Safety and emergency information

• Indicate locations of emergency stops or power shutoffs for audio systems
• Note any potential hazards associated with audio equipment (high voltage, heavy loads)
• Include information on proper handling of sensitive or expensive equipment
• Specify locations of first aid kits and fire extinguishers near audio positions
• Provide emergency contact information for key personnel and venue management

Backup and archiving strategies

• Implement regular backup procedures for all digital plot files
• Store backups in multiple locations, including off-site or cloud storage
• Create physical copies of critical plots and store in a secure location
• Develop a system for archiving plots from past productions for future reference
• Include plot files in the overall production archiving process for long-term preservation