4.2 The Rise of Responsible Government

The rise of responsible government marked a crucial shift in Canada's political landscape. It transformed the power dynamics from British-appointed officials to locally elected representatives, laying the groundwork for Canadian self-governance and parliamentary democracy.

This change was driven by colonial unrest, economic factors, and influential reformers. The Durham Report and rebellions of 1837-1838 catalyzed the push for responsible government, which was gradually implemented across British North America, reshaping Canadian politics.

Responsible Government: Concept and Significance

Definition and Core Principles

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• Responsible government system where executive branch (cabinet) accountable to elected legislature, not monarch or governor
• Ministerial responsibility central principle ministers must maintain confidence of elected assembly
• Marked shift from appointed colonial administrators to locally elected representatives controlling domestic affairs
• Laid foundation for modern Canadian parliamentary system and federal structure

Historical Context and Evolution

• Emerged in British North America as crucial step towards democratic self-governance and independence from direct British control
• Key factor in evolution of Canada from collection of colonies to self-governing dominion within British Empire
• Facilitated transition from colonial rule to local autonomy in domestic affairs
• Represented significant milestone in development of Canadian political identity and institutions

Rise of Responsible Government in Canada

Catalysts for Change

• Durham Report of 1839 recommended responsible government as solution to political unrest in colonies
• Rebellions of 1837-1838 in Upper and Lower Canada highlighted need for political reform and greater colonial autonomy
• Economic factors fueled push for responsible government desire for more control over fiscal policies and trade regulations
• Growing influence of reform-minded politicians and journalists advocated for responsible government (Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia)

Implementation Process

• Gradual relaxation of British colonial policy facilitated transition influenced by changing economic doctrines and costs of maintaining direct rule
• Success of responsible government in Nova Scotia and Province of Canada (both 1848) set precedents for other British North American colonies
• Act of Union 1840 united Upper and Lower Canada included provisions paving way for responsible government
• Implementation occurred gradually across different colonies adapting to local conditions and political landscapes

Impact of Responsible Government on Power Balance

Shifting Power Dynamics

• Power shifted from appointed governors to elected assemblies making executive accountable to people's representatives
• Governor's role evolved from active administrator to more ceremonial figurehead real power vested in premier and cabinet
• Collective ministerial responsibility emerged cabinet must act as unified body in legislature
• Development of political parties became more pronounced organized to form and maintain governments under new system

Legislative Empowerment

• Legislative branch gained significant control over financial matters including taxation and expenditure
• Concept of "loyal opposition" formalized role of opposition parties in legislative process
• More dynamic and responsive political system emerged capable of addressing local colonial needs and concerns
• Increased accountability of government to electorate through regular elections and parliamentary debates

Key Figures and Movements in the Struggle for Responsible Government

Reformers and Advocates

• Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine formed crucial political alliance championed responsible government in Province of Canada
• Joseph Howe's leadership in Nova Scotia instrumental in achieving responsible government set example for other colonies
• Francis Hincks and Augustin-Norbert Morin worked within system to gradually implement responsible government principles
• Clear Grits in Canada West and Parti rouge in Canada East emerged as reform movements pushing for further democratic reforms

Influential Figures and Opposition

• Lord Elgin as Governor General played pivotal role in implementing responsible government accepted principle of ministerial advice
• William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau leaders of 1837 rebellions indirectly contributed to push for responsible government through radical actions
• Family Compact in Upper Canada and Château Clique in Lower Canada represented conservative forces resisting implementation of responsible government
• Lord Durham authored influential report recommending responsible government as solution to colonial unrest