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Unlock your guides5.3 Changes in Agricultural and Industrial Production
3 min read•august 6, 2024
The and rise of brought sweeping changes to agriculture and industry. Farmers embraced new techniques like and , boosting yields. This freed up labor and resources for emerging industries.
Meanwhile, saw production shift to rural homes through the . Technological innovations like the and revolutionized manufacturing, paving the way for full-scale industrialization and profound societal changes.
Agricultural Innovations
Enclosure Movement and Agricultural Revolution
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- privatized open fields and common lands in England starting in the 16th century
- Allowed for more efficient farming practices and increased agricultural productivity
- Displaced many small farmers and peasants who lost access to common lands (grazing, foraging)
- Agricultural revolution in the 18th century introduced new farming techniques and technologies
- of livestock produced animals with more meat, wool, and milk
- New crops were introduced from the Americas (potatoes, maize)
- Mechanization of agriculture with inventions like the seed drill and threshing machine
Crop Rotation and Improved Yields
- Crop rotation replaced the open-field system of agriculture
- Fields were divided into four sections, each growing a different crop (wheat, barley, turnips, clover) in a rotating pattern each year
- Allowed soil to replenish nutrients, increasing crop yields and reducing the need for fallow periods
- like clover and turnips were introduced into crop rotations
- These crops restored nitrogen to the soil, a key nutrient for plant growth
- Clover and turnips could also be used as animal feed, supporting the livestock population
- Higher agricultural productivity supported population growth and freed up labor for industry
Early Industrial Production
Proto-Industrialization and the Putting-Out System
- Proto-industrialization refers to the early phase of industrialization before the
- Occurred primarily in rural areas and involved the production of goods in homes
- Putting-out system was a form of proto-industrialization where merchants provided raw materials to rural workers
- Workers produced finished goods (textiles, metalwork) in their homes and returned them to the merchant
- Allowed for a decentralized, flexible production system not reliant on factories
- emerged as rural families engaged in handicraft production to supplement agricultural income
- Examples include spinning and weaving textiles, blacksmithing, and woodworking
Technological Innovations in Manufacturing
- Flying shuttle (1733) increased the speed of weaving and allowed wider cloth to be woven
- Invented by John Kay, doubled a weaver's productivity
- Spinning jenny (1764) allowed multiple spools of thread to be spun simultaneously
- Invented by , increased yarn production by 8 times
- (1769) used water power to drive spinning machinery
- Invented by , produced stronger, thinner yarn
- (1779) combined features of the spinning jenny and water frame
- Invented by , produced large quantities of fine, strong yarn
Societal Changes
Urbanization and Changing Demographics
- increased as people migrated from rural areas to cities seeking industrial employment
- Cities experienced rapid population growth, leading to and poor living conditions
- Example: Manchester's population grew from 17,000 in 1750 to 180,000 by 1830
- Changing family structures and gender roles emerged with industrialization
- Nuclear families became more common as extended families were less able to live and work together
- Women and children made up a significant portion of the industrial workforce, challenging traditional gender norms
- Rise of , including factory owners, merchants, and professionals
- Distinct from both the aristocracy and the working class, with their own values and lifestyles
- Emphasized hard work, thrift, and respectability as a means of social mobility
Impacts on Social Hierarchy and Labor
- Industrialization created a new social hierarchy based on wealth and economic success
- Traditional aristocracy based on land ownership declined in influence
- Industrial capitalists and entrepreneurs rose to positions of power and prestige
- Factory system replaced traditional artisanal production, leading to deskilling of labor
- Workers performed repetitive tasks rather than crafting a product from start to finish
- Reduced worker autonomy and bargaining power, as they were easily replaceable
- Growth of faced harsh conditions and economic insecurity
- Long work hours, low wages, dangerous working environments (factories, mines)
- Limited access to education and political representation, leading to social unrest and reform movements
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