5.4 Appalachian dance traditions

Appalachian dance traditions blend influences from indigenous, European, and African cultures. This unique fusion shaped distinctive styles like clogging, flatfooting, square dancing, and contra dancing, each reflecting the region's rich cultural heritage.

These dances are deeply intertwined with Appalachian music, featuring old-time string bands, fiddle tunes, and banjo styles. From barn dances to festivals, these traditions continue to evolve while preserving their cultural significance and fostering community bonds.

Origins of Appalachian dance

• Appalachian dance has diverse roots, blending influences from indigenous, European, and African cultures that converged in the region
• The unique combination of these cultural elements shaped the distinctive styles and traditions of Appalachian dance
• Understanding the origins of Appalachian dance provides insight into the region's history and cultural heritage

Indigenous influences

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  Dancers from the Mohawk Nation at Kahnawake (Caughnawaga),… | Flickr View original

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  Cherokee Indians ready for The Green Corn Dance, Cherokee,… | Flickr View original

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  Opening Ceremonies Cherokee Pow Wow | www.cherokee-nc.com/ev… | Flickr View original

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  Dancers from the Mohawk Nation at Kahnawake (Caughnawaga),… | Flickr View original

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• Native American tribes in the Appalachian region, such as the Cherokee and Shawnee, had their own dance traditions that influenced early settlers
• Indigenous dances often had spiritual significance and were performed during ceremonies and celebrations (Green Corn Ceremony)
• Some elements of Native American dance, such as circular formations and rhythmic footwork, were adapted into Appalachian dance styles

European influences

• European settlers, primarily from the British Isles, brought their folk dance traditions to the Appalachian region (Irish jigs, Scottish reels)
• English country dances, characterized by formations like longways sets and square sets, heavily influenced the development of Appalachian square dancing
• Scandinavian and German immigrants also contributed to the mix of European dance styles that shaped Appalachian dance

African influences

• Enslaved Africans brought to the Appalachian region contributed their own rich dance traditions to the cultural melting pot
• African dance elements, such as syncopated rhythms, improvisation, and percussive footwork, were incorporated into Appalachian dance styles
• The banjo, an instrument with African roots, became a key component of Appalachian dance music

Types of Appalachian dance

• Appalachian dance encompasses a variety of distinct styles, each with its own characteristics and history
• These dance forms evolved in response to the unique cultural, social, and geographical context of the Appalachian region
• The four main types of Appalachian dance are clogging, flatfooting, square dancing, and contra dancing

Clogging

• Clogging is a percussive dance style characterized by intricate footwork and rhythmic tapping
• Dancers wear shoes with special taps or "jingles" to create a distinctive sound
• Clogging often features improvisation and individual expression within a group dance context

Flatfooting

• Flatfooting, also known as buck dancing or jigging, is a solo dance style that emphasizes intricate footwork performed close to the ground
• Dancers keep their upper bodies relatively still while creating complex rhythms with their feet
• Flatfooting is often performed to old-time string band music and allows for individual creativity and improvisation

Square dancing

• Square dancing is a social dance performed by four couples arranged in a square formation
• A caller directs the dancers through a series of figures and movements, which are performed in synchronization with the music
• Appalachian square dancing incorporates elements of English country dance and French quadrilles

Contra dancing

• Contra dancing is a social dance performed in long lines, with couples facing each other
• Dancers progress down the line, interacting with different partners throughout the dance
• Contra dancing emphasizes smooth, flowing movements and is often accompanied by live old-time or Celtic music

Appalachian dance music

• Music is an integral part of Appalachian dance, providing the rhythm, melody, and energy that drives the dancers
• Appalachian dance music is rooted in the folk traditions of the British Isles, Africa, and other European cultures
• The unique instrumentation, tunes, and rhythms of Appalachian dance music have evolved over time to support the various dance styles of the region

Old-time string bands

• Old-time string bands, consisting primarily of fiddle, banjo, guitar, and bass, are the traditional ensemble for Appalachian dance music
• These bands play a repertoire of tunes that have been passed down through generations of musicians in the region
• The instrumentation and arrangements of old-time string bands create a lively, driving sound that is well-suited for dancing

Fiddle tunes

• Fiddle tunes are the backbone of Appalachian dance music, providing the melodies that dancers move to
• Many fiddle tunes have roots in the folk music of the British Isles, but have been adapted and transformed in the Appalachian context
• Fiddle tunes often feature lively, syncopated rhythms and intricate melodic variations

Banjo styles

• The banjo, with its African origins, plays a crucial role in Appalachian dance music
• Clawhammer and three-finger picking are two common banjo styles used in old-time string bands
• The percussive, driving sound of the banjo helps to propel the rhythm and energy of Appalachian dance music

Rhythm and tempo

• Appalachian dance music is characterized by strong, steady rhythms that emphasize the downbeat
• The tempo of the music varies depending on the specific dance style, with faster tempos for clogging and flatfooting and moderate tempos for square and contra dancing
• The interplay between the various instruments in old-time string bands creates a layered, syncopated rhythm that drives the dancing

Appalachian dance events

• Appalachian dance events have long been an important part of the region's social and cultural life
• These gatherings provide opportunities for people to come together, socialize, and participate in the shared tradition of dance
• Appalachian dance events take various forms, from informal community gatherings to organized festivals and competitions

Barn dances

• Barn dances are informal social gatherings held in barns or other large, open spaces
• These events feature live music and a variety of Appalachian dance styles, with participants of all ages and skill levels joining in
• Barn dances foster a sense of community and shared cultural heritage among participants

Community gatherings

• Appalachian dance is often incorporated into various community gatherings, such as weddings, holiday celebrations, and fundraisers
• These events provide opportunities for people to come together and participate in the shared tradition of dance
• Community gatherings help to strengthen social bonds and preserve Appalachian dance traditions

Festivals and competitions

• Appalachian dance festivals and competitions showcase the skills and artistry of dancers and musicians from the region and beyond
• These events often feature workshops, performances, and contests in various Appalachian dance styles (Clifftop Appalachian String Band Festival)
• Festivals and competitions help to promote and preserve Appalachian dance traditions while fostering innovation and creativity within the art form

Appalachian dance attire

• Traditional clothing and footwear play an important role in Appalachian dance, both from a functional and cultural perspective
• Dance attire varies depending on the specific style and context of the dance, but often reflects the practical needs and cultural aesthetics of the Appalachian region

Traditional clothing

• Appalachian dancers often wear clothing that allows for ease of movement and breathability, such as loose-fitting dresses or skirts for women and comfortable pants and shirts for men
• Traditional patterns, such as gingham or calico, are common in Appalachian dance attire, reflecting the region's textile heritage
• Accessories like handkerchiefs or suspenders may be worn to add a decorative touch or to serve a practical function

Footwear for dancing

• Proper footwear is essential for Appalachian dancing, as it affects the dancer's ability to execute steps and create percussive sounds
• Clogging shoes, often made of leather with special taps or "jingles" attached, are worn to create a distinctive sound and to protect the dancer's feet
• Flatfooting and other styles may be performed in regular leather shoes or boots with smooth soles to allow for sliding and gliding movements

Evolution of Appalachian dance

• Appalachian dance has undergone significant changes over time, adapting to new social, cultural, and technological influences
• While the core elements of Appalachian dance remain rooted in tradition, the art form continues to evolve through regional variations, modern adaptations, and the interplay between preservation and innovation

Regional variations

• Appalachian dance styles and traditions vary across different parts of the region, reflecting the diverse cultural influences and local histories of each area
• For example, the dance traditions of the Blue Ridge Mountains may differ from those of the Cumberland Plateau or the Shenandoah Valley
• Regional variations in dance styles, music, and attire contribute to the richness and diversity of Appalachian dance as a whole

Modern adaptations

• Appalachian dance has been influenced by modern social and cultural trends, leading to new interpretations and adaptations of traditional forms
• Contemporary choreographers and dancers have incorporated elements of Appalachian dance into modern dance pieces, fusion styles, and theatrical productions
• The use of amplified instruments, electronic music, and non-traditional venues has also impacted the evolution of Appalachian dance in recent years

Preservation vs innovation

• The evolution of Appalachian dance involves a balance between preserving traditional forms and allowing for innovation and creativity
• Many dancers, musicians, and educators work to document, teach, and promote traditional Appalachian dance styles to ensure their continuation
• At the same time, the art form continues to evolve as new generations of dancers and musicians bring their own perspectives and influences to the tradition

Significance of Appalachian dance

• Appalachian dance holds deep cultural, social, and personal significance for the people of the region and beyond
• The practice of Appalachian dance serves multiple functions, from expressing cultural identity to fostering social bonding and promoting physical well-being

Cultural identity

• Appalachian dance is a powerful expression of the region's cultural identity, reflecting the shared history, values, and traditions of its people
• Participating in Appalachian dance allows individuals to connect with their cultural heritage and to assert their sense of belonging within the community
• The preservation and promotion of Appalachian dance traditions helps to ensure the continuity of the region's cultural identity across generations

Social bonding

• Appalachian dance events provide opportunities for social bonding and interaction, bringing people together across generations and social groups
• The participatory nature of Appalachian dance encourages a sense of community and shared experience among dancers and musicians
• The social connections formed through Appalachian dance can help to strengthen interpersonal relationships and build a sense of belonging within the community

Physical exercise

• Appalachian dance provides a form of physical exercise that is both enjoyable and culturally meaningful
• The lively, energetic movements of Appalachian dance styles like clogging and flatfooting can provide a good cardiovascular workout and improve coordination and balance
• Participating in Appalachian dance can also have mental health benefits, reducing stress and promoting a sense of well-being through social interaction and creative expression

Appalachian dance in popular culture

• Appalachian dance has been represented in various forms of popular culture, from films and television shows to stage productions and music videos
• These representations have helped to raise awareness of Appalachian dance traditions and have influenced the way the art form is perceived and practiced both within and outside the region

Representations in media

• Appalachian dance has been featured in films, such as "Songcatcher" and "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", often as a way to evoke a sense of regional identity or cultural authenticity
• Television shows, like "The Beverly Hillbillies" and "Hee Haw", have also included elements of Appalachian dance, although these representations have sometimes been stereotypical or exaggerated
• Documentaries and educational media have played an important role in presenting more nuanced and accurate portrayals of Appalachian dance traditions

Influence on other dance forms

• Appalachian dance has influenced and been influenced by other dance forms, both within and outside the region
• Elements of Appalachian dance, such as clogging and flatfooting, have been incorporated into other styles like tap dance, country line dancing, and modern dance
• Appalachian dance has also been fused with other folk dance traditions, such as Irish or Scottish dance, to create new hybrid forms
• The exchange of ideas and techniques between Appalachian dance and other dance forms has contributed to the ongoing evolution and vitality of the art form