5.4 Location-based and QoS-aware routing protocols

Location-based routing in wireless sensor networks uses node positions to make smart routing decisions. These protocols, like GPSR and GAF, optimize packet delivery and save energy by leveraging geographic information to find efficient paths.

QoS-aware routing protocols aim to meet specific performance requirements like bandwidth and latency. Techniques like SAR and SPEED balance multiple QoS metrics, adapting routes to satisfy application needs while optimizing network resources and energy usage.

Geographic Routing Protocols

Location-based Routing Techniques

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• Geographic routing protocols utilize node location information to route data packets in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
  • Nodes are aware of their geographical coordinates (via GPS or other localization methods)
  • Routing decisions are made based on the geographic position of the destination node
• GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) is a geographic routing protocol that uses greedy forwarding to route packets to the node closest to the destination
  • When greedy forwarding fails (local maximum), GPSR switches to perimeter mode, traversing the graph planarization of the network to find an alternate path
• GAF (Geographic Adaptive Fidelity) is an energy-efficient geographic routing protocol that divides the network area into virtual grids
  • Nodes within each grid alternate between active and sleep states to conserve energy while maintaining network connectivity

Energy-efficient Geographic Routing

• GEAR (Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing) is a geographic routing protocol that considers both the geographic location and the remaining energy levels of nodes
  • GEAR aims to balance energy consumption across the network by selecting routes that pass through nodes with higher remaining energy
  • The protocol uses a combination of greedy forwarding and restricted flooding to disseminate packets efficiently
• Geographic routing protocols can significantly reduce energy consumption in WSNs by minimizing the number of hops and avoiding unnecessary transmissions
  • By leveraging location information, these protocols can make informed routing decisions and prolong the network lifetime

QoS-aware Routing Protocols

QoS Metrics and Requirements

• QoS (Quality of Service) metrics in WSNs include bandwidth, latency, reliability, and energy efficiency
  • Applications may have specific QoS requirements, such as real-time data delivery or minimum throughput guarantees
• QoS-aware routing protocols aim to satisfy these requirements while optimizing network performance and resource utilization
  • These protocols consider multiple QoS metrics and adapt the routing strategy accordingly

QoS-aware Routing Techniques

• SAR (Sequential Assignment Routing) is a QoS-aware routing protocol that creates multiple trees rooted at the sink node, each with a different QoS metric
  • Packets are assigned to the appropriate tree based on their QoS requirements
  • SAR ensures that the available resources are efficiently utilized to meet the diverse QoS needs of the applications
• SPEED is a QoS-aware routing protocol that provides soft real-time guarantees for packet delivery
  • SPEED maintains a desired delivery speed across the network by adjusting the transmission rate and selecting appropriate forwarding nodes
  • The protocol uses a combination of feedback control and non-deterministic geographic forwarding to achieve the required speed while adapting to network dynamics

Energy-aware QoS Routing

• Energy-aware QoS routing protocols consider the energy consumption of nodes in addition to the QoS requirements
  • These protocols aim to balance energy usage and prolong the network lifetime while satisfying the QoS constraints
• Energy-aware QoS routing techniques may include:
  • Selecting energy-efficient paths that minimize the total energy consumption
  • Load balancing to distribute the traffic evenly among nodes and prevent energy depletion
  • Adaptive transmission power control to adjust the communication range based on the required QoS and energy availability