6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution
3 min read•june 24, 2024
The transformed economies from to . This shift, sparked by 's ideas, led to private ownership, free markets, and wage labor. These changes reshaped society, causing and the rise of a new .
Marx criticized capitalism, arguing it exploited workers and was unstable. He believed in class struggle, predicting the working class would overthrow the ruling class. His ideas about labor value and communism challenged the capitalist system, influencing future economic and political movements.
Economic Theories and Industrialization
Mercantilism to Capitalism
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Mercantilism
Dominant economic theory in Europe 16th-18th centuries emphasized nation's wealth and power determined by gold and silver holdings
Encouraged governments to maintain positive balance of trade through tariffs and trade restrictions to accumulate precious metals
Transition to capitalism
Adam Smith's "" (1776) challenged mercantilist ideas arguing free trade and competition lead to economic growth and prosperity
Emphasized "invisible hand" of market in regulating prices and production through supply and demand
Capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership of means of production (factories, land) and pursuit of profit
Characterized by free market competition, wage labor, and capital accumulation (investment)
Emerged as dominant economic system during Industrial Revolution in late 18th and 19th centuries
Mechanization Impacts
Social impacts
Urbanization: Rural population moved to cities for factory work leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions
Family structure changes: Women and children entered workforce altering traditional gender roles and family dynamics
Working class rise: Factory workers formed new social class with distinct living and working conditions often involving long hours and low wages
Economic impacts
Increased productivity: Mechanization enabled faster and more efficient goods production leading to economic growth
Industry growth: New industries emerged and expanded rapidly (textiles, steel) transforming economic landscape
Wealth inequality: Factory owners and investors accumulated vast wealth while workers faced poor wages and working conditions
Political impacts
Labor movements: Workers organized unions (trade unions) and political parties to advocate for better working conditions and rights
Government regulation: Governments intervened in economy to address social and economic issues caused by industrialization (child labor laws, factory safety regulations)
Imperialism: Industrial nations sought new markets and raw materials leading to expansion of colonial empires (British Empire, French colonial empire)
Marxism and Capitalism
Marxism Core Ideas
Critique of capitalism
argued capitalism led to exploitation of working class by bourgeoisie who owned means of production
Believed capitalist system inherently unstable and prone to crises due to overproduction and underconsumption
Class struggle
Marx viewed history as series of class struggles between ruling class and oppressed class (bourgeoisie vs proletariat)
Argued proletariat would eventually overthrow bourgeoisie through socialist revolution leading to classless society
Labor theory of value
Marx believed commodity value determined by amount of labor required to produce it, not market forces
Argued workers not fairly compensated for labor as bourgeoisie extracted surplus value (profit) from their work
Communism
Marx envisioned classless society where means of production owned and controlled by community as a whole, not private individuals
Believed communism would be final stage of human history following period of socialism where workers controlled means of production