Managers face two main types of decisions: programmed and nonprogrammed. are routine and follow set procedures, while tackle unique, complex situations. Understanding these differences helps managers approach decision-making more effectively.
The involves six key steps, from recognizing the problem to evaluating results. Managers use and tools like to navigate challenges. Recognizing and helps managers make practical choices in real-world scenarios.
Types of Managerial Decisions
Programmed vs nonprogrammed decisions
Top images from around the web for Programmed vs nonprogrammed decisions
Creativity in Decision Making | Organizational Behavior and Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Making Decisions in Different Organizations | Organizational Behavior / Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Rational Decision Making vs. Other Types of Decision Making | Principles of Management View original
Is this image relevant?
Creativity in Decision Making | Organizational Behavior and Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Making Decisions in Different Organizations | Organizational Behavior / Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Programmed vs nonprogrammed decisions
Creativity in Decision Making | Organizational Behavior and Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Making Decisions in Different Organizations | Organizational Behavior / Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Rational Decision Making vs. Other Types of Decision Making | Principles of Management View original
Is this image relevant?
Creativity in Decision Making | Organizational Behavior and Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
Making Decisions in Different Organizations | Organizational Behavior / Human Relations View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Programmed decisions involve routine, repetitive situations with clear, specific procedures for making the decision
Often made by lower-level managers or employees
Reordering supplies when inventory reaches a certain level (office supplies, raw materials)
Processing payroll according to established guidelines
Handling customer complaints based on company policies (refunds, replacements)
Nonprogrammed decisions arise in unique, complex, or novel situations with no established procedures or decision rules
Require creativity, judgment, and more information
Often made by higher-level managers
Deciding whether to enter a new market (international expansion, new product category)
Developing a new product line to meet changing consumer preferences
Responding to a crisis or unexpected event (natural disaster, data breach)
May involve when faced with incomplete information or time constraints
Heuristics in programmed decision-making
Heuristics simplify complex problems and enable quick judgments by using simple, efficient rules or mental shortcuts
judges the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
Assuming a product is popular because of frequent advertisements (billboards, social media ads)
judges the probability of an event based on its similarity to a typical case
Assuming a job candidate will perform well because they resemble a successful employee (similar education, experience)
makes an initial estimate (anchor) and adjusts it based on additional information
Estimating the value of a used car based on the original price and adjusting for age and condition (mileage, wear and tear)
Six-step nonprogrammed decision process
Recognize and define the problem or opportunity
Identify the discrepancy between the current state and the desired state
Gather relevant information to understand the situation (market research, financial data)
Generate alternative solutions
Brainstorm potential courses of action
Encourage creative thinking and consider a wide range of options (in-house development, partnerships, acquisitions)
Evaluate alternatives
Assess the feasibility, risks, and potential outcomes of each alternative
Consider the resources required and the impact on stakeholders (employees, customers, investors)
Conduct a to identify potential threats and opportunities
Choose the best alternative
Select the option that best meets the decision criteria and aligns with organizational goals
Consider the trade-offs and potential consequences of each choice (short-term vs long-term benefits)
Use a to visualize and analyze complex decision scenarios
Implement the chosen alternative
Develop a plan to put the decision into action
Allocate resources and assign responsibilities (budgets, personnel, timelines)
Communicate the decision and its rationale to relevant parties (employees, partners, media)
Evaluate the results
Monitor the outcomes of the implemented decision
Assess whether the desired results were achieved (key performance indicators, customer feedback)
Make adjustments as needed based on feedback and changing circumstances (market conditions, competitor actions)
Decision-Making Challenges and Tools
Bounded rationality recognizes that decision-makers have limited information, cognitive abilities, and time
Satisficing involves choosing the first acceptable solution rather than the optimal one due to constraints
Cost-benefit analysis helps evaluate alternatives by comparing the expected costs and benefits of each option