6.1 Achilles as the central hero: character analysis

Achilles stands as the central hero of Homer's Iliad, embodying the heroic ideals of ancient Greek culture. His exceptional qualities, divine lineage, and pursuit of glory showcase the attributes valued in epic heroes.

Yet Achilles also grapples with fatal flaws like excessive pride and uncontrollable anger. His motivations for honor and lasting fame drive the narrative, revealing the complex nature of heroism in the epic tradition.

Heroic Attributes

Exceptional Qualities and Abilities

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• Aristeia, a warrior's moment of excellence on the battlefield demonstrating their exceptional prowess and skill in combat
• Aretê, the display of excellence in all areas of life (physical, mental, moral) striving to reach one's highest potential
• Divine lineage often attributed to heroes tracing their ancestry back to gods or goddesses (Achilles son of Thetis)

Pursuit of Glory and Honor

• Kleos, the pursuit of glory and renown achieved through great deeds and feats especially in battle
• Warrior ethos, the set of values and ideals that shape a hero's behavior including courage, loyalty, honor, and the willingness to fight and die for one's people

Fatal Flaws

Excessive Pride and Anger

• Hubris, excessive pride or self-confidence that often leads to a hero's downfall when they overstep mortal limits or defy the gods
• Menis, the hero's rage and wrath that consumes them driving them to extreme acts of violence or vengeance (Achilles' anger at Agamemnon)

Inescapable Weakness

• Tragic flaw, an inherent weakness or vulnerability in the hero's character that ultimately leads to their destruction despite their greatness (Achilles' heel)

Motivations and Rewards

Desire for Honor and Respect

• Timê, the honor and respect a hero seeks to gain from their peers and society at large through their deeds and status
• Heroes are often motivated by the desire to prove their worth, gain recognition, and secure their place in the social hierarchy

Quest for Lasting Fame

• Immortality through fame, the belief that a hero can achieve a form of immortality by having their name and deeds remembered and celebrated for generations to come
• The promise of undying glory is a powerful motivator for heroes to undertake great risks and sacrifices (Achilles choosing a short but glorious life over a long but obscure one)