6.1 Characteristics and Types of Small Groups

Small groups are the building blocks of our social and professional lives. From families to work teams, these groups shape our interactions and experiences. Understanding their types and characteristics is crucial for effective communication and collaboration.

Groups can be relationship-based or purpose-driven, each with unique dynamics. Size, cohesion, norms, and interdependence all play key roles in how groups function. Recognizing these factors helps us navigate group settings and contribute more effectively.

Types of Small Groups

Relationship-Based Groups

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• Primary groups consist of small, long-term groups with strong emotional ties (family, close friends)
• Secondary groups are larger and more formal with weaker emotional bonds (classmates, coworkers)
  • Interactions in secondary groups tend to be more superficial and task-oriented compared to primary groups
  • Examples of secondary groups include professional associations, sports teams, and student organizations

Purpose-Driven Groups

• Task groups form to accomplish a specific objective or goal (project teams, committees)
  • Members of task groups often have diverse skills and expertise that contribute to achieving the group's purpose
  • Task groups typically dissolve once the goal is achieved or the project is completed
• Social groups come together primarily for enjoyment, companionship, and shared interests (hobby clubs, support groups)
  • Social groups provide a sense of belonging and opportunities for social interaction and recreation
  • Book clubs, gaming groups, and volunteer organizations are examples of social groups

Characteristics of Small Groups

Group Composition

• Small groups typically consist of 3-15 members, allowing for active participation and interaction among all members
• Group size influences group dynamics, with smaller groups often experiencing higher levels of cohesion and satisfaction
  • As group size increases, the potential for subgroups, conflicts, and communication challenges also increases
  • The ideal group size depends on the group's purpose and the complexity of the task at hand

Group Dynamics

• Group cohesion refers to the degree of attraction and loyalty members feel towards the group and each other
  • High group cohesion is characterized by a strong sense of unity, commitment, and mutual support
  • Factors that contribute to group cohesion include shared goals, frequent interaction, and positive relationships among members
• Group norms are the implicit or explicit rules, expectations, and standards that guide member behavior
  • Norms help regulate group interactions, maintain order, and promote a sense of shared identity
  • Examples of group norms include communication styles, decision-making processes, and acceptable behaviors

Member Interdependence

• Interdependence describes the extent to which group members rely on and influence each other to achieve goals
  • In highly interdependent groups, members' actions and outcomes are closely linked and dependent on one another
  • Positive interdependence occurs when members perceive that their success is tied to the success of the group as a whole
• Interdependence fosters collaboration, resource sharing, and a sense of shared responsibility among group members
  • Examples of interdependent tasks include group projects, problem-solving activities, and team-based work assignments