Chemical reactions are all about change and balance. Reaction rates show how fast chemicals transform, influenced by factors like and . Understanding these helps us control reactions in labs and industry.
is the steady state where forward and reverse reactions balance out. We can manipulate equilibrium systems using , which predicts how reactions respond to changes in conditions like pressure or temperature.
Reaction Rates
Factors Affecting Reaction Speed
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measures the speed of a chemical reaction by tracking changes in reactant or product concentrations over time
represents the minimum energy required for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction
Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the process
Concentration influences reaction rates as higher concentrations of reactants lead to more frequent collisions between particles, increasing the likelihood of successful reactions
Temperature affects reaction rates by increasing the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in more frequent and energetic collisions
Measuring and Controlling Reaction Rates
Reaction rates can be measured using various techniques such as spectrophotometry, conductivity measurements, or gas evolution
The expresses the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentrations
describes how the concentration of a specific reactant affects the overall reaction rate
represents the slowest step in a multi-step reaction, controlling the overall reaction rate
provide detailed step-by-step descriptions of how reactants transform into products during a chemical reaction
Chemical Equilibrium
Understanding Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium occurs when the forward and reverse reaction rates become equal, resulting in no net change in reactant and product concentrations
(K) quantifies the relative concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium
involves continuous forward and reverse reactions occurring at the same rate
exists when all reactants and products are in the same phase
involves reactants and products in different phases
Manipulating Equilibrium Systems
Le Chatelier's principle predicts how a system at equilibrium responds to external changes by shifting to counteract the disturbance
Pressure changes affect equilibrium systems involving gases, with increased pressure favoring the side with fewer gas molecules
Temperature changes impact equilibrium, with endothermic reactions favored by increased temperature and exothermic reactions favored by decreased temperature
Concentration changes shift equilibrium, with increased reactant concentration favoring product formation and vice versa
Reversible reactions can proceed in both forward and reverse directions, allowing the system to reach equilibrium