7.2 Constitutional Monarchy and Modernization

Hawaiian governance evolved from the traditional Ali'i system to a constitutional monarchy under Kamehameha III. This shift marked a significant change, blending Hawaiian traditions with Western concepts of government and individual rights.

The introduction of written constitutions in 1840 and 1852 established a framework for modern Hawaiian governance. These documents limited monarchical power, expanded voting rights, and created a more democratic system, reflecting the changing political landscape of the islands.

Evolution of Hawaiian Government and Constitutions

Evolution of Hawaiian monarchy

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• Pre-contact Hawaiian governance organized through Ali'i system hierarchical social structure and Kapu system religious-political code
• Kamehameha I unified Hawaiian Islands through military conquest and political alliances (1795-1810)
• Kamehameha III's reign marked transition toward constitutional monarchy
  • 1839 Declaration of Rights guaranteed certain freedoms (religion, property)
  • 1840 Constitution established three branches of government limited monarchical power
• Constitutional monarchy solidified with legislature and judicial system creation
• 1852 Constitution further limited monarchical authority expanded voting rights to more Hawaiian men

Significance of Hawaiian constitutions

• 1840 Constitution pioneered written governance in Hawaiian history
  • Established executive legislative and judicial branches
  • Defined rights of Hawaiian subjects (property, representation)
  • Created bicameral legislature (House of Nobles, Representatives)
• 1852 Constitution strengthened democratic principles
  • Enhanced separation of powers between branches
  • Expanded suffrage to most adult male citizens
  • Established universal male suffrage for native Hawaiians
  • Created elected House of Representatives
  • Reduced property qualifications for officeholders increased political participation

Modernization and Land Reform

Western influence on Hawaiian modernization

• Western education introduced through missionary schools increased Hawaiian language literacy
• Western-style legal system adopted incorporated elements of English common law
• Economic shift from subsistence to market economy driven by sugar plantations whaling industry
• Western medicine practices introduced vaccinations sanitation measures
• Hawaiian dress and customs evolved incorporated Western styles (holoku)
• Honolulu developed as urban center port facilities government buildings

Impact of land reform acts

• Traditional Hawaiian land tenure based on Ahupua'a system communal land use managed by chiefs
• Great Māhele of 1848 divided land between monarchy chiefs and government introduced private ownership concept
• Kuleana Act of 1850 allowed commoners to claim land parcels required proof of cultivation occupancy
• Land reform consequences:
  1. Many Native Hawaiians displaced from ancestral lands
  2. Land ownership concentrated among Hawaiian elites foreign investors
  3. Traditional subsistence practices eroded as land access diminished
• Long-term effects reshaped Hawaiian society economy:
  • Facilitated growth of plantation agriculture
  • Altered traditional social relationships
  • Contributed to decline of Native Hawaiian population landholdings