Institutional and are deeply ingrained in society's structures. These forms of racism go beyond individual prejudice, shaping policies, practices, and norms that disadvantage certain racial groups while benefiting others.
The effects are far-reaching, impacting education, housing, healthcare, and more. Understanding these systems is crucial for addressing racial inequalities and working towards a more just society.
Types of Racism
Racism Embedded in Organizations and Systems
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involves discriminatory treatment, unfair policies and inequitable opportunities and impacts, based on race, produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media, etc.)
Systemic racism is the formalization of a set of institutional, historical, cultural, and interpersonal practices within a society that more often than not puts one social or ethnic group in a better position to succeed and at the same time disadvantages other groups in a consistent and constant manner that disparities develop between the groups over a period of time
refers to the totality of ways in which societies foster racial through mutually reinforcing systems of housing, education, employment, earnings, benefits, credit, media, health care, and criminal justice
These patterns and practices in turn reinforce discriminatory beliefs, values, and distribution of resources
Manifestations of Racism
is a prejudice in favor of or against one race compared to another
Often stems from stereotypes and unconscious beliefs
Discrimination involves restricting members of one racial group from opportunities or privileges that are available to members of another racial group
Leads to the exclusion or oppression of certain groups (, hiring discrimination)
refers to unequal outcomes in society (income, wealth, education, health) that correlate to race
Arises through the compounding effects of racism across institutions
Factors Perpetuating Racism
refer to the systemic imbalance of power between racial groups that is maintained by social, political, and economic institutions
Dominant racial groups have disproportionate control or influence over resources and decision-making
Marginalized racial groups face barriers and limited opportunities to gain power
, segregation, and discrimination have led to the entrenchment of racial hierarchies and inequities
Intergenerational transmission of advantage/disadvantage reinforces racial gaps (wealth passed down, poverty persisting across generations)
Ideologies and cultural representations that devalue certain racial groups serve to justify and perpetuate racism
Negative stereotypes and implicit biases shape perceptions and treatment of racial minorities (portrayal in media, beliefs about intelligence or criminality)