7.1 Historical development of merengue

Merengue, born in rural 19th-century Dominican Republic, blends African and European influences. It evolved from countryside gatherings to urban dance halls, adapting its instrumentation and style along the way.

The genre's rhythmic foundations, like the Upa Habanera and quinquillo, create its energetic feel. From traditional merengue típico to modern orquesta styles, it's become a symbol of Dominican identity and gained global recognition.

Origins and Influences

Rural Beginnings and Urban Adaptation

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• Merengue originated in rural Dominican Republic during the 19th century
• Developed from African slave dances and European contradanse
• Initially performed at countryside gatherings and celebrations
• Gradually migrated to urban areas as rural populations moved to cities
• Urban adaptation led to changes in instrumentation and performance styles
• Gained popularity in dance halls and social clubs of Santo Domingo

Diverse Cultural Influences

• Afro-Caribbean influences shaped merengue's rhythmic patterns and dance movements
• African drumming traditions contributed to the development of the tambora drum
• European influences introduced melodic structures and harmonic progressions
• Spanish guitar and accordion became integral instruments in merengue ensembles
• Haitian kontradans (Haitian Creole for contradanse) influenced early merengue forms
• Cuban danzón and son musical styles contributed to merengue's evolution

Musical Elements and Styles

Rhythmic Foundations

• Upa Habanera rhythm serves as the foundational pattern for merengue
• Consists of a syncopated two-bar phrase with emphasis on the offbeats
• Quinquillo rhythm characterized by its five-note pattern (quintuplet)
• Tambora drum typically plays the quinquillo rhythm in merengue performances
• Güira (metal scraper) provides a steady rhythmic pulse complementing the quinquillo
• Combination of rhythms creates merengue's distinctive and energetic feel

Traditional and Modern Styles

• Merengue típico represents the traditional form of merengue music
• Features accordion, tambora, güira, and saxophone as primary instruments
• Perico Ripiao refers to a fast-paced, energetic style of merengue típico
• Originated in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic
• Merengue de orquesta emerged as a more modern, big band style
• Incorporates brass instruments, electric guitars, and keyboards
• Allows for more complex arrangements and harmonies

Cultural Significance

Political Influence and National Identity

• Rafael Trujillo, Dominican dictator, promoted merengue as a national symbol
• Used merengue to consolidate power and create a sense of national unity
• Encouraged radio stations to play merengue music extensively
• Merengue became associated with Dominican national identity
• Lyrics often reflected political themes and social commentary
• Post-Trujillo era saw merengue continue as a symbol of Dominican culture

Modern Popularity and Global Recognition

• Juan Luis Guerra popularized merengue internationally in the late 20th century
• Fused merengue with other genres like bachata and pop music
• Won multiple Grammy Awards for his merengue recordings
• Helped introduce merengue to a global audience
• Merengue declared Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2016
• Continues to play a significant role in Dominican tourism and cultural events