7.1 Insulin and glucagon: structure, secretion, and action
4 min read•august 16, 2024
and are crucial hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. Produced in the pancreas, insulin lowers glucose by promoting its uptake and storage, while glucagon raises it by stimulating glucose release. Their opposing actions maintain balance in the body's energy metabolism.
Understanding these hormones is key to grasping metabolic regulation. Insulin and glucagon respond to changes in blood glucose, coordinating the body's use and storage of energy. Their interplay affects not just sugar, but also fat and protein metabolism across various tissues.
Insulin and Glucagon Structure and Synthesis
Peptide Hormone Composition and Precursors
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Insulin consists of two polypeptide chains (A and B) connected by disulfide bonds
Glucagon forms a single-chain polypeptide hormone
Both hormones originate from larger precursor molecules
Insulin derives from
Glucagon stems from preproglucagon
Post-translational modifications transform precursors into active hormones
Pancreatic Islet Cell Production
in pancreatic islets of Langerhans produce insulin
in the same islets generate glucagon
Insulin synthesis involves multiple steps
Preproinsulin cleaves to form
Proinsulin processing yields mature insulin and
Proglucagon cleavage produces glucagon and other bioactive peptides (, )
Structural Features and Storage
Insulin's three-dimensional structure incorporates several alpha-helices
Hydrophobic core in insulin proves crucial for its biological activity
Both hormones reside in secretory granules within their respective cells
Granules store hormones before release into the bloodstream
Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion
Glucose-Mediated Hormone Release
Elevated blood trigger insulin release from beta cells