7.3 Qin Dynasty and the unification of China

The Qin Dynasty transformed ancient China, unifying warring states into a centralized empire. Led by Qin Shi Huang, this period saw massive infrastructure projects, standardized systems, and the creation of the Great Wall.

The Terracotta Army, discovered in 1974, showcases the Qin's power and artistry. This vast burial complex, with thousands of unique figures, offers invaluable insights into ancient Chinese military and culture, continuing to captivate researchers and visitors alike.

The Rise and Impact of the Qin Dynasty

Key events of Qin unification

Top images from around the web for Key events of Qin unification

• 

  The Unification of China - CDA's World History Wiki View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  Qin's wars of unification - Wikipedia View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  The Unification of China - CDA's World History Wiki View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  Qin's wars of unification - Wikipedia View original

  Is this image relevant?

1 of 2

Top images from around the web for Key events of Qin unification

• 

  The Unification of China - CDA's World History Wiki View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  Qin's wars of unification - Wikipedia View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  The Unification of China - CDA's World History Wiki View original

  Is this image relevant?

• 

  Qin's wars of unification - Wikipedia View original

  Is this image relevant?

1 of 2

• State of Qin situated in western China developed strong military and strategic advantages due to mountainous terrain
• King Ying Zheng ascended to Qin throne at 13 in 246 BCE later became first emperor Qin Shi Huang
• Warring States Period (475-221 BCE) saw seven major states (Qin, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qi) vying for control
• Qin's military campaigns led by skilled generals (Wang Jian, Bai Qi) systematically conquered rival states
• Reforms of Shang Yang bolstered Qin's military and administrative capabilities through meritocracy and standardization
• Qin conquered other states: Han (230 BCE), Wei (225 BCE), Chu (223 BCE), Yan and Zhao (222 BCE), Qi (221 BCE)

Reign of Qin Shi Huang

• Unified China in 221 BCE ending centuries of fragmentation
• Standardized writing (small seal script), currency (bronze coins), weights and measures across empire
• Launched massive infrastructure projects connecting empire through extensive road networks and canal systems (Lingqu Canal)
• Expanded and connected existing fortifications creating Great Wall of China to defend against nomadic invasions (Xiongnu)
• Established uniform legal system replacing diverse local laws with centralized code
• Implemented administrative reforms dividing empire into 36 commanderies governed by appointed officials
• Suppressed intellectual dissent through book burning (213 BCE) and execution of scholars (burying alive)
• Pursued immortality sponsoring alchemical research and ingesting mercury compounds
• Commissioned construction of elaborate tomb complex including Terracotta Army

Impact of Qin centralized rule

• Political transformation replaced feudal system with imperial bureaucracy and standardized legal codes
• Social changes increased social mobility weakened aristocratic power expanded state control over individuals
• Cultural unification through standardized written language (small seal script) and suppression of diverse philosophies
• Economic improvements standardized currency and measurements facilitated trade and commerce across regions
• Military advancements created standing army improved weapons (crossbow) and tactics
• Long-term legacy provided model for future Chinese dynasties established concept of unified Chinese state

Significance of Terracotta Army

• Discovered 1974 by local farmers near Xi'an Shaanxi Province
• Massive burial complex protects emperor in afterlife demonstrates imperial power and resources
• Composition includes estimated 8,000 soldiers horses chariots weapons representing various military ranks and types
• Artistic achievement showcases individually crafted figures with realistic details expressions and painted colors
• Archaeological significance provides insights into Qin military organization ancient Chinese armor and weapons advanced ceramic techniques
• Cultural impact symbolizes China's ancient civilization serves as major tourist attraction and UNESCO World Heritage site
• Reflects Qin Shi Huang's character obsession with power and afterlife ability to mobilize vast resources
• Ongoing excavation and research continues to yield new discoveries presents challenges in artifact preservation