The Maya made incredible strides in astronomy, math, and writing. They created complex calendars, tracked celestial bodies, and built observatories . Their achievements laid the groundwork for advanced timekeeping and scientific observation in Mesoamerica.
In math, the Maya developed a base-20 system and the concept of zero. Their writing system combined logograms and syllabic signs, preserving history and knowledge. These innovations showcase the Maya's intellectual prowess and cultural sophistication.
Calendars and Astronomy
Long Count and Cyclical Calendars
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Top images from around the web for Long Count and Cyclical Calendars Calendar Tzolk'in - Wikipedia View original
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7/365: Mayan Calendar | This is a Mayan calendar. According … | Flickr View original
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El Tzolkin, probablemente sea el calendario Maya más antiguo - Te interesa saber View original
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Calendar Tzolk'in - Wikipedia View original
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Long Count calendar tracked historical events over vast periods of time
Based on a linear day count starting from a mythical creation date
Allowed for recording of precise dates and chronology of events
Tzolk'in calendar was a sacred 260-day calendar used for religious ceremonies and divination
Consisted of 20 named days combined with 13 numbers, creating a cycle of 260 unique days
Each day had its own significance and associations with deities and natural phenomena
Haab' calendar was a 365-day solar calendar used for agricultural and civil purposes
Divided into 18 months of 20 days each, plus a 5-day period considered unlucky (Wayeb')
Closely approximated the solar year and helped track seasons and agricultural cycles
Astronomical Observations and Predictions
Venus Table recorded the movements and cycles of the planet Venus
Venus held great significance in Maya mythology and was associated with war and creation
The table allowed for accurate prediction of Venus's appearances as morning and evening star
Astronomical observatories were built to track celestial bodies and phenomena
The Caracol at Chichen Itza was a prominent observatory aligned with key astronomical events
Observatories enabled precise measurements and recordings of solar and lunar cycles, solstices, and equinoxes
Eclipse predictions were made by Maya astronomers with remarkable accuracy
Used knowledge of lunar and solar cycles to calculate the timing and location of eclipses
Eclipses were seen as significant omens and were often tied to political and religious events
Mathematics
Numeral System and Concept of Zero
Maya numerals used a vigesimal system based on the number 20
Dots represented units (1-4), and bars represented five
Allowed for efficient representation of large numbers using a vertical place-value system
The concept of zero was independently developed by the Maya
Represented by a shell-like glyph, indicating the absence of a value
Enabled more complex mathematical calculations and place-value notation
Mathematical Achievements
Maya mathematics involved advanced arithmetic, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Used for practical purposes such as trade, taxation, and architectural calculations
Mathematical concepts were applied in astronomy, calendar systems, and engineering
Maya mathematicians developed sophisticated mathematical concepts and problem-solving techniques
Used a base-20 number system, which facilitated complex calculations
Developed mathematical algorithms and formulas for various applications
Writing and Inscriptions
Maya Script and Codices
Maya script was a highly developed logosyllabic writing system
Consisted of both logograms (representing whole words) and syllabic signs (representing syllables)
Used to record historical events, astronomical observations, and religious beliefs
Codices were folded bark-paper books containing written records and illustrations
Only a few surviving codices remain (Dresden Codex , Madrid Codex , Paris Codex )
Contained information on astronomy, divination, rituals, and mythology
Monumental Inscriptions
Stelae were large stone monuments erected to commemorate important events and rulers
Often depicted rulers in elaborate ceremonial dress, accompanied by hieroglyphic inscriptions
Provided valuable historical and genealogical information about Maya dynasties and their achievements
Hieroglyphic stairs were monumental staircases with each step bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions
Notable examples include the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan and the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Palenque
Recorded important historical events, royal lineages, and military conquests