The is a powerful tool in crystallography, helping solve crystal structures without phase info. It calculates vector distributions between atoms, creating a map that shows interatomic distances. This method is crucial for unraveling complex structures.
Heavy atom methods take advantage of atoms with high atomic numbers to simplify structure determination. By introducing these atoms or using , researchers can more easily locate key positions and solve crystal structures.
Patterson Function and Map
Understanding the Patterson Function and Map
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Patterson function calculates the between atoms in a crystal structure
represents the convolution of with its inverse
appear at the origin of the Patterson map, corresponding to atoms with themselves
occur between different atoms, providing information about interatomic distances
contain peaks corresponding to symmetry-related atoms, simplifying structure determination
Applications and Interpretation of Patterson Analysis
Patterson function helps solve crystal structures without phase information
Patterson map interpretation reveals and
Self-vectors create a large peak at the origin, proportional to the sum of squared atomic numbers
Cross-vectors appear as smaller peaks, representing distances between different atoms
Harker sections simplify structure solution by concentrating on specific planes
Mathematical Formulation and Properties
Patterson function defined as P(u,v,w)=V1∑h,k,l∣Fhkl∣2cos[2π(hu+kv+lw)]
Patterson map exhibits , regardless of the crystal's symmetry
Self-vectors contribute to the origin peak with intensity proportional to ∑jZj2
Cross-vectors appear at positions corresponding to interatomic vectors rj−ri
Harker sections occur at specific coordinates determined by the symmetry (u = 2x, v = 2y, w = 2z for P2₁2₁2₁)
Heavy Atom Methods
Principles of Heavy Atom Method
utilizes atoms with high atomic numbers to solve crystal structures
Isomorphous replacement involves introducing heavy atoms without changing crystal structure
combines multiple Patterson maps to locate heavy atom positions
Implementing Heavy Atom Techniques
Heavy atom method exploits the strong scattering power of atoms with high atomic numbers (mercury, platinum)
Isomorphous replacement requires preparing crystals with and without heavy atoms (native and derivative)
Patterson superposition overlays multiple Patterson maps to identify common features and atom positions
Advantages and Challenges of Heavy Atom Approaches
Heavy atom method simplifies phase determination by dominating the diffraction pattern
Isomorphous replacement provides phase information through intensity differences between native and derivative crystals
Patterson superposition reduces noise and enhances peaks corresponding to heavy atom positions
Challenges include finding suitable heavy atoms and maintaining isomorphism in crystal structures
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) uses several heavy atom derivatives to improve phase accuracy