, developed by , highlights how we learn by observing others. It bridges behaviorism and cognitive theories, recognizing both environmental and psychological factors in learning.
The theory introduces key concepts like and . These ideas show how behavior, personal factors, and environment all influence each other, shaping our learning experiences.
Key Concepts of Social Learning Theory
Overview of Social Learning Theory and its Founder
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Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of observing, , and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others
Developed by Albert Bandura, a Canadian-American psychologist known for his work in and
Bandura's theory bridges the gap between behaviorism and cognitive learning theories, recognizing the role of both environmental and psychological factors in learning
Reciprocal Determinism and Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Reciprocal Determinism suggests that a person's behavior influences and is influenced by both personal factors and the social environment
Personal factors include cognitive, affective, and biological events
Environmental factors encompass social and physical external stimuli
Triadic Reciprocal Causation further expands on this concept, proposing that personal factors, , and behavior all operate as interacting determinants that influence each other bidirectionally
For example, a child's aggressive behavior may elicit negative reactions from others (environment), which in turn may make the child more likely to act aggressively in the future (behavior) and develop hostile thoughts and beliefs (personal factors)
Factors in Social Learning
Cognitive Processes in Social Learning
, such as , , , and , play a crucial role in social learning
Attention: Individuals must attend to and perceive the significant features of the modeled behavior
Retention: Observers must be able to remember the modeled behavior, which involves the process of transforming and restructuring information in the form of rules and conceptions for memory representation
Reproduction: Learners must be able to translate the symbolic representations into appropriate actions, requiring the ability to physically reproduce the observed behavior
Motivation: Observers must have the incentive or motivation to perform the modeled behavior, which can be influenced by and
Environmental Influences on Social Learning
Environmental influences, including the presence of others, , and situational contexts, shape an individual's learning experiences
occurs through watching the behavior of others, such as parents, peers, or media figures (television characters)
and punishment, where individuals learn from observing the consequences of others' actions, can influence the likelihood of imitating or avoiding certain behaviors
Behavioral Factors in Social Learning
, such as practice, reinforcement, and punishment, contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of learned behaviors
Practicing or rehearsing the modeled behavior helps to improve performance and increase the likelihood of retention
Reinforcement, both external (praise, rewards) and internal (pride, satisfaction), increases the probability of a behavior being repeated
Punishment, on the other hand, can decrease the likelihood of a behavior being performed in the future
Self-Efficacy
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Social Learning
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or behavior
Bandura emphasized the importance of self-efficacy in social learning, as it influences the choices people make, the effort they put forth, and their persistence in the face of challenges
Individuals with high self-efficacy are more likely to attempt challenging tasks, persist in the face of obstacles, and recover quickly from setbacks
Conversely, those with low self-efficacy may avoid difficult tasks, have lower aspirations, and be more vulnerable to stress and depression
Self-efficacy can be developed through various sources, including mastery experiences (success in performing a task), vicarious experiences (observing others' success), verbal persuasion (encouragement and support), and physiological and emotional states (interpreting physical and emotional reactions)
For example, a student who successfully completes a challenging math problem (mastery experience) and receives praise from their teacher (verbal persuasion) is likely to develop higher self-efficacy in math