8.2 Scalar implicatures and generalized conversational implicatures
2 min read•july 19, 2024
Scalar implicatures and are key concepts in pragmatics. They show how we communicate more than what we explicitly say, using weaker terms to imply stronger alternatives don't apply. This allows for efficient, nuanced communication.
Generalized conversational implicatures are inferences that arise from common language patterns. They're based on the assumption that speakers follow cooperative principles, allowing hearers to glean additional meaning beyond literal words. This demonstrates language's implicit richness.
Scalar Implicatures and Horn Scales
Scalar implicatures in communication
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Type of conversational arises when speaker uses weaker term from scale of alternatives (, , )
Implies stronger alternatives do not hold ("Some students passed" implicates "Not all students passed")
Conveys additional meaning beyond literal semantics allows speakers to communicate more than explicitly stated
Hearers infer intended meaning based on choice of scalar term used
Horn scales and scalar implicatures
Sets of linguistic alternatives ordered by or implication (, , )
Provide alternatives for generating implicatures when speaker uses weaker term implies negation of stronger alternatives
Based on Gricean maxim of Quantity speakers should provide as much information as necessary but not more
Generalized Conversational Implicatures
Patterns of generalized conversational implicatures
Implicatures arise in absence of special context associated with certain linguistic forms or patterns
Conjunctions: "P and Q" implicates temporal or causal relation (I got dressed and went to work)
Possessives: "John's car" implicates ownership
Indefinite articles: "A student called" implicates unfamiliarity to speaker or hearer
Defeasible can be cancelled or overridden by additional context
Pragmatic reasoning for implicatures
Arise from and Gricean maxims
Quantity: Be as informative as required but not more
Quality: Be truthful and have evidence
Relation: Be relevant
Manner: Be clear, brief, and orderly
Hearers assume speakers are cooperative and following maxims
Inferences made by considering alternatives speaker could have used but did not
Choice of weaker term or specific pattern implies negation of stronger alternatives or additional meaning (picked the red dress over the blue one)