9.2 Greek art and architecture

Greek art and architecture shaped Western civilization's visual culture. From Cycladic figurines to Parthenon friezes, Greek artists pioneered techniques in sculpture, painting, and building design that still influence us today.

The Greeks developed distinct artistic styles over centuries. Their focus on human form, balance, and proportion in sculpture and architecture created enduring aesthetic principles that continue to resonate in modern art and design.

Origins of Greek art

• Greek art emerged from various earlier civilizations in the Aegean region, including the Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean cultures
• These early cultures laid the foundation for the development of Greek art, influencing styles, techniques, and subject matter
• The evolution of Greek art can be traced through distinct periods, each with its own unique characteristics and innovations

Cycladic art

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  Marble seated harp player Cycladic late Early Cycladic I-E… | Flickr View original

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• Flourished in the Cyclades islands during the Bronze Age (c. 3200-2000 BCE)
• Known for its abstract, geometric style and minimalist approach
• Famous for its marble figurines, often depicting nude female figures with folded arms and tilted heads
• Cycladic art influenced later Greek sculpture, particularly in its simplification of forms and emphasis on balance and proportion

Minoan art

• Developed on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (c. 2000-1450 BCE)
• Characterized by vibrant colors, naturalistic depictions of plants and animals, and intricate decorative motifs
• Notable examples include the frescoes at the Palace of Knossos, which depict scenes of daily life, religious ceremonies, and natural landscapes
• Minoan art had a significant impact on the development of Mycenaean art and later Greek art

Mycenaean art

• Emerged on the Greek mainland during the Late Bronze Age (c. 1600-1100 BCE)
• Influenced by Minoan art but developed its own distinctive style, characterized by a more structured and geometric approach
• Famous for its elaborate gold jewelry, ornate weaponry, and decorative pottery
• Mycenaean art laid the groundwork for the development of Greek art in the Iron Age, particularly in its use of geometric patterns and stylized figures

Greek sculpture

• Greek sculpture is one of the most iconic and influential forms of art in the Western world
• It evolved through distinct periods, each with its own unique characteristics and innovations
• Greek sculptors sought to capture the ideal human form, emphasizing balance, proportion, and realism

Archaic period

• Lasted from c. 700-480 BCE
• Characterized by stiff, frontal poses and stylized features, such as the "Archaic smile"
• Famous examples include the Kouros (male) and Kore (female) statues, which served as grave markers or votive offerings
• Archaic sculpture laid the foundation for the development of more naturalistic and expressive styles in later periods

Classical period

• Spanned from c. 480-323 BCE
• Marked by a shift towards greater realism, naturalism, and idealization of the human form
• Sculptors sought to capture the perfect balance and proportion of the human body, as exemplified by the works of Polykleitos (Doryphoros) and Myron (Discobolus)
• Classical sculpture also explored more complex poses, emotions, and narratives, as seen in the Parthenon sculptures and the works of Phidias

Hellenistic period

• Began after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and lasted until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BCE
• Characterized by a greater emphasis on emotion, movement, and individuality in sculpture
• Sculptors explored more diverse subjects, including everyday people, children, and animals
• Famous examples include the Nike of Samothrace, the Dying Gaul, and the Laocoön and His Sons

Materials and techniques

• Greek sculptors primarily worked with marble, bronze, and clay
• Marble was favored for its translucency and ability to capture fine details, while bronze allowed for more dynamic poses and greater durability
• Sculptors used a variety of tools, including chisels, drills, and rasps, to carve and shape their works
• They also employed techniques such as polychromy (painting) and gilding to enhance the appearance of their sculptures

Greek painting

• Although less well-preserved than sculpture, painting was an important form of artistic expression in ancient Greece
• Greek painters worked on a variety of surfaces, including pottery, walls, and panels
• They used a limited palette of colors, primarily black, white, red, yellow, and blue, to create vivid and expressive works

Pottery and vase painting

• Pottery was one of the most common and enduring forms of Greek painting
• Vase painters used a variety of techniques, including black-figure and red-figure styles, to decorate their works with scenes from mythology, daily life, and religious ceremonies
• Famous examples include the Francois Vase, the Euphronios Krater, and the works of the Berlin Painter and the Pan Painter

Wall paintings and frescoes

• Wall paintings and frescoes were used to decorate the interiors of public buildings, temples, and private homes
• These works often depicted mythological scenes, landscapes, and portraits
• Although few original examples survive, literary sources and Roman copies provide insight into the style and content of Greek wall paintings

Mosaics

• Mosaics were another form of decorative painting in ancient Greece
• Created using small pieces of colored stone, glass, or ceramic (tesserae), mosaics were used to decorate floors and walls
• Famous examples include the Pella Mosaic, which depicts a lion hunt, and the Vergina Mosaic, which features a scene from Greek mythology

Greek architecture

• Greek architecture is renowned for its harmony, proportion, and balance
• It influenced the development of architecture throughout the Western world, from the Romans to the present day
• Greek architects used a variety of materials, including stone, marble, and wood, to create monumental structures that served religious, political, and social functions

Architectural orders

• Greek architecture is characterized by three main orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
• Each order has its own distinct proportions, decorative elements, and column capitals

Doric vs Ionic

• The Doric order is the oldest and most simple, characterized by its plain, unadorned columns and triangular pediments
• The Ionic order is more slender and elegant, with scroll-like volutes on its column capitals and a continuous frieze
• The Doric order was primarily used in mainland Greece, while the Ionic order was more common in the Greek colonies of Asia Minor

Corinthian

• The Corinthian order is the most ornate, featuring elaborate column capitals decorated with acanthus leaves
• It was developed later than the Doric and Ionic orders and was used more extensively in the Hellenistic and Roman periods

Temples and sanctuaries

• Temples were the most important and monumental buildings in ancient Greece, serving as the homes of the gods and the center of religious life
• Greek temples were typically rectangular in plan, with a colonnade surrounding a central cella (room) that housed the cult statue of the deity
• Famous examples include the Parthenon in Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi

Public buildings and spaces

• In addition to temples, Greek architects designed a variety of public buildings and spaces, including theaters, stoas (covered walkways), and agoras (public squares)
• Theaters, such as the Theater of Dionysus in Athens, were used for dramatic performances and religious festivals
• Stoas served as gathering places and markets, while agoras were the center of political and social life in Greek cities

Domestic architecture

• Greek domestic architecture was relatively simple compared to public buildings
• Houses were typically organized around a central courtyard and had rooms for various functions, such as dining, sleeping, and storage
• The best-preserved examples of Greek houses are found in the cities of Olynthus and Priene, which provide insight into the daily life of ancient Greeks

Influence of Greek art

• Greek art had a profound impact on the development of art and culture throughout the ancient world and beyond
• Its influence can be seen in the art of neighboring civilizations, such as the Etruscans and Romans, as well as in later Western art

Impact on Etruscan art

• The Etruscans, who inhabited central Italy before the rise of Rome, were heavily influenced by Greek art
• Etruscan artists adopted Greek styles, techniques, and subject matter, particularly in pottery, sculpture, and wall paintings
• Famous examples of Etruscan art that show Greek influence include the Apollo of Veii and the Sarcophagus of the Spouses

Influence on Roman art

• Roman art was deeply indebted to Greek art, as the Romans admired and emulated Greek culture
• Roman artists copied and adapted Greek sculptures, often creating marble versions of bronze originals
• Greek mythology and iconography were also widely used in Roman art, as seen in the frescoes of Pompeii and the sculptures of the Ara Pacis

Legacy in Western art

• The influence of Greek art extends far beyond the ancient world, shaping the development of Western art for centuries
• During the Renaissance, artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael looked to Greek art for inspiration, adopting its ideals of beauty, proportion, and harmony
• Neoclassical artists in the 18th and 19th centuries also drew heavily on Greek art, seeking to revive its forms and principles in their own works
• Today, Greek art continues to inspire and inform contemporary artists, serving as a timeless source of beauty and inspiration