Water is life, and hydrology is the study of its movement. This topic dives into the water cycle, exploring how water flows through Earth's systems. From rain to rivers to groundwater, we'll uncover the intricate dance of H2O.
Understanding hydrology is crucial for managing water resources and mitigating environmental issues. We'll examine factors influencing water flow, relationships between and runoff, and methods for calculating hydrologic parameters. Get ready to dive deep into the world of water!
Hydrologic Cycle Components and Processes
Water Movement and Key Components
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Slope affects runoff velocity and infiltration opportunity time
in urban areas increase runoff and reduce infiltration (roads, buildings)
Antecedent moisture conditions impact soil's ability to absorb additional water
Hydrologic Parameter Calculation
Surface Water Calculations
estimates peak discharge for small watersheds:
Q=CIA
Where Q = peak discharge, C = runoff coefficient, I = rainfall intensity, A = drainage area
Time of concentration calculated using empirical formulas:
Kirpich equation: Tc=0.0195L0.77S−0.385
Where Tc = time of concentration, L = flow length, S = average watershed slope
estimates direct runoff from storm rainfall:
Q=P+0.8S(P−0.2S)2
Where Q = runoff, P = rainfall, S = potential maximum retention
Statistical Methods for Hydrologic Analysis
techniques determine probability of extreme hydrologic events:
: F(x)=e−e−(x−μ)/β
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves relate rainfall intensity to storm duration and return period
detects trends in hydrologic time series data
Groundwater and Water Balance Calculations
Darcy's Law calculates groundwater flow rates:
Q=−KAdldh
Where Q = flow rate, K = hydraulic conductivity, A = cross-sectional area, dh/dl = hydraulic gradient
Thornthwaite method estimates evapotranspiration and soil moisture storage:
PET=16(I10T)a
Where PET = potential evapotranspiration, T = mean monthly temperature, I = heat index, a = empirical exponent
: P=Q+E+ΔS
Where P = precipitation, Q = runoff, E = evapotranspiration, ΔS = change in storage