9.3 On-orbit servicing and life extension missions

On-orbit servicing and life extension missions are game-changers for satellite longevity. These missions use robotic spacecraft to refuel, repair, and upgrade satellites in space, keeping them operational for longer and reducing the need for costly replacements.

Rendezvous and docking technologies are crucial for these missions. Advanced docking mechanisms and autonomous systems allow servicing spacecraft to safely connect with target satellites. This opens up exciting possibilities for extending satellite lifespans and reducing space debris.

Robotic Servicing and Repair Techniques

Robotic Servicing Capabilities

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• Robotic servicing involves using robotic spacecraft to perform maintenance, repair, and upgrades on satellites in orbit
• Enables the extension of a satellite's operational lifetime and the restoration of functionality to damaged or failed components
• Robotic servicing missions can be conducted using specialized robotic arms, tools, and sensors to perform complex tasks (Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions)
• Robotic servicing reduces the need for costly satellite replacements and minimizes space debris by keeping satellites operational for longer periods

Refueling and Component Replacement

• Refueling operations involve transferring propellant to a satellite to extend its operational life
• Robotic spacecraft can dock with the target satellite and transfer fuel using specialized pumps and connectors
• Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs) are modular components designed for easy removal and replacement during servicing missions
• ORUs can include batteries, solar arrays, communication modules, and other critical subsystems (International Space Station ORUs)
• Replacing ORUs allows for the upgrade and repair of satellites without the need for complete replacement

Advanced Repair Techniques

• Satellite repair techniques involve diagnosing and fixing problems with malfunctioning or damaged components
• Robotic servicing missions can perform repairs using specialized tools, such as soldering irons, wire cutters, and adhesive applicators
• Advanced repair techniques may include patching punctures in satellite structures, repairing damaged solar arrays, or replacing faulty electronic components
• 3D printing technology can be used to manufacture replacement parts on-demand during servicing missions (Made In Space Archinaut)

Rendezvous and Docking Technologies

Docking Mechanisms and Procedures

• Docking mechanisms are devices that enable two spacecraft to physically connect and form a secure link
• Common docking mechanisms include probe-and-drogue systems, berthing mechanisms, and androgynous peripheral attach systems (APAS)
• Docking procedures involve a series of precise maneuvers to align and connect the two spacecraft while minimizing the risk of collision
• Docking mechanisms must be designed to accommodate differences in spacecraft size, mass, and configuration

Remote Control and Autonomous Operations

• Tele-operation involves controlling a robotic spacecraft from a remote location, such as a ground station or another spacecraft
• Tele-operation allows human operators to perform complex servicing tasks using real-time video feeds and control interfaces
• Autonomous rendezvous and docking technologies enable spacecraft to perform docking maneuvers without direct human intervention
• Autonomous systems use sensors, algorithms, and control systems to guide the spacecraft through the rendezvous and docking process (NASA's Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology - DART)

Life Extension Solutions

Mission Extension Vehicles and Services

• Mission extension vehicles (MEVs) are spacecraft designed to dock with and provide propulsion and attitude control to aging satellites
• MEVs can extend the operational life of satellites that have exhausted their onboard propellant or experienced failures in their propulsion systems
• Commercial companies offer mission extension services, which include the deployment of MEVs to prolong the life of customer satellites (Northrop Grumman's Mission Extension Vehicle)

In-Space Assembly and Maintenance

• In-space assembly involves constructing large structures or spacecraft components directly in orbit
• Robotic systems can be used to assemble modular components, such as truss structures or solar arrays, to create larger, more capable satellites
• In-space maintenance refers to the regular upkeep and servicing of spacecraft components to ensure optimal performance and longevity
• Maintenance tasks may include cleaning solar arrays, lubricating mechanisms, and replacing consumables (NASA's Restore-L mission)

Economic Considerations and Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Life extension solutions must be evaluated based on their economic viability and potential return on investment
• Cost-benefit analysis involves comparing the costs of servicing or extending the life of a satellite with the costs of replacing it with a new spacecraft
• Factors to consider include the remaining operational value of the satellite, the cost of the servicing mission, and the potential revenue generated by the extended service life
• Life extension solutions can be more cost-effective than satellite replacement for high-value assets or when multiple satellites can be serviced in a single mission (Intelsat's use of Mission Extension Vehicles)