9.3 Reading and Writing Processes

Reading involves complex cognitive processes, from visual word recognition to semantic integration. It requires phonological awareness, working memory, and inference generation. These skills develop over time, with skilled readers mastering automatic word recognition, fluency, and effective comprehension strategies.

Writing engages similar cognitive processes but in reverse. It involves planning, translating ideas into text, and reviewing. Writers must juggle multiple tasks, access long-term memory, and employ metacognition. Skilled writers effectively manage cognitive load and use executive functions to optimize their writing performance.

Reading Processes

Cognitive processes in reading comprehension

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• Visual word recognition activates orthographic processing decodes letter patterns and phonological processing maps sounds to letters
• Lexical access retrieves word meanings from mental lexicon stores vocabulary knowledge
• Syntactic parsing analyzes sentence structure determines grammatical relationships between words
• Semantic integration combines word and sentence meanings constructs coherent mental representation of text
• Working memory holds and manipulates information during reading supports comprehension of complex sentences
• Inference generation fills gaps in text with prior knowledge connects explicitly stated information with implied ideas
• Comprehension monitoring detects and resolves inconsistencies ensures understanding remains on track

Role of phonological awareness

• Phonological awareness recognizes and manipulates speech sounds (phonemes, syllables, rhymes)
• Components include rhyming identifies similar word endings, syllable segmentation breaks words into parts, phoneme isolation identifies individual sounds, phoneme blending combines sounds to form words
• Facilitates letter-sound correspondence supports decoding abilities crucial for early reading development
• Developmental progression moves from larger to smaller units of sound (words to phonemes)
• Improves reading fluency by increasing automaticity in sound recognition enhances reading speed and accuracy

Skilled vs struggling readers

• Decoding abilities: Skilled readers automatically recognize words, struggling readers decode slowly and effortfully
• Fluency: Skilled readers demonstrate smooth expressive reading, struggling readers read in choppy word-by-word manner
• Vocabulary knowledge: Skilled readers possess broad vocabulary effectively use context, struggling readers have limited vocabulary struggle with unfamiliar words
• Comprehension strategies: Skilled readers actively use multiple strategies (summarizing, questioning), struggling readers apply limited or ineffective strategies
• Working memory capacity: Skilled readers efficiently process information, struggling readers have difficulty holding and manipulating textual information
• Motivation and engagement: Skilled readers show high interest and self-efficacy, struggling readers display low motivation and avoidance behaviors

Writing Processes

Cognitive processes in writing

• Planning involves goal setting outlines objectives, idea generation brainstorms content, organization of thoughts structures information
• Translating converts ideas into written language constructs sentences selects appropriate words
• Reviewing evaluates written content revises for clarity and coherence improves overall quality
• Working memory manages cognitive load during composition juggles multiple tasks simultaneously
• Long-term memory retrieval accesses prior knowledge and experiences informs content creation
• Metacognition monitors and regulates writing process ensures effective strategy use
• Executive functions control attention switch between tasks inhibit irrelevant information optimize writing performance