2.2 Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business
3 min read•july 31, 2024
The saw rapid industrialization transform America's economy and society. , , and fueled the rise of . Factories, railroads, and corporations reshaped the landscape, while tycoons amassed unprecedented wealth and power.
This era of progress came with significant costs. Workers faced harsh conditions, wealth inequality soared, and unchecked growth led to environmental degradation. The changes of industrialization set the stage for reform movements and debates over 's future role in American life.
Factors of Industrialization
Abundant Natural Resources and Infrastructure
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From Invention to Industrial Growth | United States History II: Since 1865 View original
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Timeline Industrial Revolution and the 20th century View original
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Abundant natural resources, including coal, iron ore, oil, and timber, fueled industrial growth and expansion
The expansion of the facilitated the transportation of raw materials and finished goods, connecting markets across the country
Labor Force and Government Policies
A large influx of immigrants provided a cheap and abundant labor force for factories and industrial sites
Government policies, such as and to railroads, encouraged industrial development and protected domestic industries
Financial Institutions and Market Growth
The rise of and the availability of capital through banks and stock markets supported industrial investment and growth
The emergence of a , driven by population growth and increasing consumer demand, spurred industrial production
Technological Innovations and Big Business
Manufacturing and Production Innovations
The development of and the revolutionized manufacturing, enabling mass production and economies of scale
Advancements in , including the and , transformed factories and cities, enabling 24-hour production and improved working conditions
The rise of the , driven by the and , provided essential materials for construction, transportation, and manufacturing
The development of the , facilitated by and , provided a new source of energy and lubricants for machinery
Communication and Office Innovations
Innovations in communication, such as the and , allowed for faster information exchange and improved business coordination
New inventions, like the and , increased office efficiency and facilitated the growth of white-collar jobs
Transportation Innovations
Innovations in transportation, such as the () and improved railroad technology (), expanded markets and reduced shipping costs
Business Consolidation Strategies
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
, whereby companies controlled all stages of production from raw materials to finished products (), reduced costs and increased efficiency
, involving the acquisition of competitors to gain market share and control prices (), led to the formation of and
Monopolistic Practices
The use of , , and allowed businesses to fix prices, divide markets, and limit competition
The formation of , which owned stock in multiple corporations (), enabled financiers to control entire industries
The exploitation of and the use of allowed companies to maintain exclusive control over key technologies and innovations ()
The use of , whereby businesses temporarily lowered prices to drive out competitors (), helped establish market dominance
Political Influence
The influence of business leaders on government policies, through lobbying, campaign contributions, and revolving door practices, ensured favorable legislation and regulations
Industrialization's Impact on Society and the Environment
Labor Conditions and Inequality
The rise of the factory system led to the deskilling of labor, as workers performed repetitive tasks and lost control over the production process
Low wages, long working hours, and poor working conditions characterized industrial labor, leading to the growth of () and strikes ()
and the exploitation of immigrant workers were common practices, as businesses sought to minimize costs and maximize profits
The concentration of wealth and power among a small group of industrial elites led to growing and
Urbanization and Environmental Degradation
Rapid , driven by the growth of factories and the influx of immigrants, led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the rise of and ()
Environmental degradation, including air and water pollution (), deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources, resulted from unchecked industrial expansion
Consumer Culture
The rise of consumerism and the availability of mass-produced goods transformed American culture and social norms, creating new forms of leisure and entertainment (department stores, amusement parks)