Manifest destiny

Definition

Manifest destiny is the 19th-century belief that it was the divine right and destiny of the United States to expand its territory across the North American continent. This ideology fueled westward expansion and was seen as both a justification for territorial growth and a mission to spread democracy and capitalism. The concept played a significant role in shaping American identity, influencing literature, political discourse, and social attitudes during this period.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The term 'manifest destiny' was first coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to justify the annexation of Texas and promote the idea of expansion.
2. Manifest destiny contributed to conflicts such as the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), which was partly driven by the desire for territorial acquisition.
3. The ideology promoted not just physical expansion but also cultural superiority, suggesting that Americans had a duty to civilize and democratize other regions.
4. Manifest destiny had significant implications for Native American populations, leading to displacement, broken treaties, and loss of land and culture.
5. Literary figures such as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson engaged with themes of manifest destiny in their work, reflecting on the national identity and moral implications of expansion.

Review Questions

• How did manifest destiny influence the political climate of the United States during the 19th century?
  • Manifest destiny significantly shaped U.S. politics by providing a rationale for territorial expansion and aggressive foreign policy. It created a sense of urgency around acquiring land, which led to conflicts such as the Mexican-American War. Politicians used this ideology to rally public support for annexation efforts and policies that favored expansion into indigenous lands and territories claimed by other nations.
• Discuss how manifest destiny is reflected in American literature of the time, citing specific authors or works.
  • American literature during this period often mirrored the themes of manifest destiny through works that celebrated exploration, adventure, and the notion of progress. Authors like Walt Whitman in 'Leaves of Grass' express a belief in America's unique mission, while narratives from pioneers depict their journeys westward as noble endeavors. Such literature illustrates both the aspirations and moral dilemmas associated with expanding the nation at the expense of Native American cultures.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of manifest destiny on contemporary American society and identity.
  • The long-term effects of manifest destiny are evident in contemporary American society through ongoing debates about land use, cultural heritage, and national identity. The belief in American exceptionalism continues to shape foreign policy and domestic attitudes toward immigration and integration. Additionally, the consequences faced by Native American communities due to past policies rooted in manifest destiny highlight historical injustices that remain relevant today, prompting discussions on reparative justice and recognition of indigenous rights.

Related terms

Westward Expansion: The movement of settlers and immigrants into the American West during the 19th century, motivated by opportunities for land, resources, and economic advancement.

American Exceptionalism: The belief that the United States has a unique mission to spread liberty and democracy, often tied to the idea of manifest destiny.

Homestead Act: A law passed in 1862 that granted settlers 160 acres of public land in exchange for a small fee and the requirement to improve the land over five years, encouraging westward migration.