Manifest Destiny

Definition

Manifest Destiny is a 19th-century doctrine that held the belief that the expansion of the United States across the American continent was both justified and inevitable. This concept was rooted in the idea of American exceptionalism, suggesting that it was the nation’s divine right and duty to spread democracy and capitalism, often at the expense of Native American tribes and other nations. The belief fueled territorial acquisitions and conflicts during this era, significantly influencing the themes found in Western films and stories.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Manifest Destiny was a term first used by journalist John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to justify the annexation of Texas and further expansion into Oregon and California.
2. The ideology was closely linked to various conflicts, including the Mexican-American War, which resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S.
3. Many Western films portray characters embodying Manifest Destiny, often showcasing rugged individualism and conflict with Native Americans as they pushed into new lands.
4. Manifest Destiny contributed to a sense of national identity and purpose among Americans, reinforcing the notion that expansion was a moral imperative.
5. The consequences of Manifest Destiny included not only territorial expansion but also widespread displacement and suffering for Indigenous populations and other non-European groups.

Review Questions

• How did the concept of Manifest Destiny influence American policies towards Native American tribes during the 19th century?
  • Manifest Destiny significantly influenced American policies by promoting an expansionist agenda that often disregarded the rights of Native American tribes. As settlers moved westward, believing it was their divine right to occupy these lands, numerous treaties were made and broken, leading to forced relocations. The Indian Removal Act exemplified this impact, as it authorized the removal of Native peoples from their ancestral lands to make way for settlers, reflecting the belief that expansion was more important than preserving Indigenous rights.
• In what ways did Manifest Destiny shape the narratives found in Western films during its popularization?
  • Western films often reflect themes central to Manifest Destiny by depicting heroic figures who embody courage and resilience as they conquer vast, untamed landscapes. These narratives typically highlight conflict between settlers and Native Americans, reinforcing a one-sided view of expansion as justifiable and noble. By portraying expansion as an inevitable journey filled with adventure, these films contribute to a romanticized vision of America’s past that aligns with the principles of Manifest Destiny.
• Evaluate how Manifest Destiny has impacted modern interpretations of American history and identity.
  • Manifest Destiny has left a lasting imprint on how Americans view their history and national identity, often celebrated as a story of progress and innovation. However, this narrative is increasingly critiqued for its oversimplification of complex historical events and its overlooking of Indigenous experiences. Modern interpretations call for a more nuanced understanding that acknowledges the consequences of this ideology, including displacement and violence against Native populations, highlighting a broader conversation about justice and reconciliation in America's ongoing story.

Related terms

Westward Expansion: The movement of settlers and immigrants into the American West during the 19th century, driven by opportunities for land and resources.

Indian Removal Act: A law enacted in 1830 that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to designated Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

American Exceptionalism: The belief that the United States has a unique mission to spread democracy and freedom, setting it apart from other nations.