Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a legendary hero of Greek mythology and a central character in Homer's 'Iliad,' known for his incredible strength and prowess in battle. He is the son of the sea nymph Thetis and the mortal king Peleus, making him a demi-god. His story highlights themes of heroism, honor, and the human condition, especially through his experiences in the Trojan War.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles was known for his near invincibility in battle, except for his heel, which became his only weakness after his mother dipped him into the River Styx to protect him.
2. His anger and withdrawal from battle after a conflict with Agamemnon set off a chain of events that led to significant losses for the Greeks during the Trojan War.
3. Achilles' relationship with Patroclus, his close friend, is central to his character development and ultimately leads to Achilles' return to battle after Patroclus' death.
4. In addition to his martial prowess, Achilles is depicted as having deep emotional layers, particularly in his struggle with fate, honor, and mortality.
5. The concept of 'kleos,' or glory achieved through heroic deeds, drives Achilles' motivations throughout the 'Iliad,' reflecting the importance of reputation in ancient Greek culture.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles' character embody the values and themes present in ancient Greek culture?
  • Achilles embodies key values of ancient Greek culture such as heroism, honor, and the pursuit of glory or 'kleos.' His motivations are driven by a desire to achieve greatness on the battlefield, reflecting how personal honor was essential for a warrior's identity. Additionally, his emotional journey highlights the complexity of human experience, including love, grief, and rage, allowing readers to connect deeply with his struggles.
• Analyze the significance of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus and its impact on his actions throughout 'The Iliad.'
  • The bond between Achilles and Patroclus is pivotal in 'The Iliad,' showcasing themes of friendship, loyalty, and loss. Patroclus’ death acts as a catalyst for Achilles’ return to battle, driving home the emotional weight of grief and vengeance. This relationship not only fuels Achilles’ wrath against Hector but also emphasizes the profound impact personal relationships can have on one's decisions in times of war.
• Evaluate how Achilles' story contributes to our understanding of heroism and mortality in Greek mythology and its lasting influence on literature.
  • Achilles' story illustrates the duality of heroism and mortality, presenting heroes as not just invincible warriors but also flawed individuals facing their own vulnerabilities. This theme resonates throughout Greek mythology as it highlights that even the greatest heroes must confront fate and loss. The enduring legacy of Achilles can be seen in modern literature, where characters often grapple with similar conflicts between strength and vulnerability, influencing countless narratives on what it means to be heroic.

Related terms

The Iliad: An ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer that tells the story of the Trojan War, focusing on the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon.

Trojan War: A legendary conflict between the city of Troy and the Achaeans (Greeks), sparked by the abduction of Helen and involving many famous heroes, including Achilles.

Achilles' Heel: A term derived from Achilles' story, referring to a person's vulnerable point or weakness, originating from his mother dipping him into the River Styx.