The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a mathematical formula used to calculate the pH of a solution given the pKa (acid dissociation constant) and the ratio of the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base.
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pH: A measure of acidity or alkalinity in a solution, where lower values indicate higher acidity and higher values indicate more alkalinity.
pKa: A measure that indicates the strength of an acid in solution; lower values mean stronger acids.
Buffer Solution: A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added; it's made up from a weak acid and its conjugate base.