Jim Crow Laws: These were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States after Reconstruction.
Industrialization: The process of developing industries within an economy, often leading to urbanization and increased job opportunities.
Northern cities: Refers to major cities in the Northern United States such as New York City, Chicago, Detroit, etc., which attracted many African Americans during the Great Migration due to job prospects and relatively less racial discrimination compared to the South.