Westernization: As mentioned earlier, westernization is the adoption of Western ideas or practices. In the context of modernization in Japan's Meiji era, it included adopting Western political systems, legal codes, education systems, and military organization.
Infrastructure: Infrastructure refers to the underlying physical structures and facilities necessary for economic activity. This includes roads, bridges, railways, power plants, communication networks (such as telegraph lines), and public utilities.
Nationalism: Nationalism is a strong sense of pride and loyalty towards one's nation. During Japan's modernization in the Meiji era, nationalism played a crucial role in motivating citizens to work together for the country's progress.