Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that individuals are responsible for creating their own meaning in an indifferent or absurd universe. It focuses on the challenges of human existence and the importance of personal authenticity, often exploring themes like angst, despair, and the search for purpose. This philosophy significantly influences various forms of literature and can challenge established religious and symbolic systems by questioning the nature of reality and existence.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Existentialism emerged in the 20th century as a response to modernity, emphasizing the individual's subjective experience over traditional doctrines.
2. Key figures associated with existentialism include Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Albert Camus, who all explored themes of freedom and absurdity in their works.
3. In literature, existentialist writers often use characters who face moral dilemmas and crises of identity to illustrate the struggle for meaning in a chaotic world.
4. Existentialism has influenced various artistic movements by encouraging the exploration of personal experiences and emotions rather than adhering to conventional narratives or symbolism.
5. The philosophical questions raised by existentialism challenge traditional religious beliefs by emphasizing personal responsibility and the search for meaning without reliance on external authorities.

Review Questions

• How does existentialism reflect the themes of modernist literature in its exploration of individual experience?
  • Existentialism deeply resonates with modernist literature by centering on individual experience and consciousness. Modernist authors often portray characters grappling with isolation, disillusionment, and a quest for meaning in a fragmented world. This mirrors existentialist ideas about personal responsibility and the necessity of finding one's own path amidst societal chaos, leading to rich narratives that reflect the complexities of human existence.
• In what ways does existentialism challenge traditional religious beliefs or symbolic systems?
  • Existentialism challenges traditional religious beliefs by asserting that individuals must create their own meaning rather than relying on predefined doctrines or divine guidance. This perspective can lead to a sense of freedom but also anxiety, as it places the burden of meaning-making squarely on the individual. In doing so, existentialists often critique established symbols and narratives within religions, suggesting they may fail to address the deeper questions of human existence.
• Evaluate the impact of existentialist thought on contemporary discussions about personal identity and purpose.
  • Existentialist thought significantly shapes contemporary discussions about personal identity and purpose by emphasizing individual choice and authenticity. In a world where people often face pressures to conform or adhere to external expectations, existentialism encourages individuals to embrace their unique experiences and make choices that align with their true selves. This focus on self-definition promotes a more profound understanding of personal purpose, inspiring individuals to navigate life's uncertainties while fostering resilience in an increasingly complex society.

Related terms

Absurdism: A philosophical perspective closely related to existentialism that highlights the conflict between human beings' desire for meaning and the chaotic, indifferent universe.

Authenticity: The degree to which one is true to oneself, one's values, and beliefs, a key concept in existentialist thought.

Nihilism: The belief that life lacks objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value, often viewed as a consequence of existentialist inquiry.