Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that individuals are responsible for creating their own meaning and values in an indifferent or even absurd universe. It often explores themes of anxiety, alienation, and the search for authenticity in a world lacking inherent purpose.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Existentialism emerged as a prominent philosophical movement in the 20th century, particularly influenced by the works of philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.
2. Key themes in existentialist literature include the struggle for personal identity, the confrontation with absurdity, and the idea of freedom as a burden.
3. Sartre famously stated that 'existence precedes essence,' meaning that individuals must create their own essence through actions and choices rather than following predetermined paths.
4. In contrast to earlier philosophical traditions, existentialism rejects the notion of a universal human nature, emphasizing instead the subjective experience of individuals.
5. Existentialism's influence extends beyond philosophy into literature, psychology, and art, often exploring the complexities of human existence and the search for meaning.

Review Questions

• How do themes of existentialism manifest in Greek tragedy and comedy?
  • In Greek tragedy, characters often face overwhelming circumstances that highlight human suffering and moral dilemmas. Existential themes arise as they grapple with fate and personal agency. In comedy, playwrights like Aristophanes explore human folly and societal absurdities, reflecting on the individual's struggle to find meaning amidst chaos. Both forms showcase the tension between individual choices and external forces shaping one's life.
• Discuss how existentialist ideas are reflected in the works of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy.
  • Dostoevsky's characters frequently confront profound moral and existential crises, embodying the struggle for identity and redemption in a seemingly indifferent world. His works delve into themes of guilt, freedom, and faith. Similarly, Tolstoy grapples with existential questions regarding the meaning of life, moral duty, and personal fulfillment. Both authors illustrate how individuals navigate their search for significance amid societal expectations and ethical dilemmas.
• Evaluate the impact of existentialism on contemporary global literature using examples from authors like Murakami and Adichie.
  • Existentialism shapes contemporary global literature by emphasizing personal narratives that challenge conventional understandings of identity and culture. For example, Haruki Murakami explores themes of alienation and the quest for self-discovery in surreal environments. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie addresses existential concerns related to gender and cultural identity, highlighting characters who navigate complex social landscapes. Together, these authors reflect existentialist notions of individuality while grappling with broader societal issues.

Related terms

Absurdism: A philosophical perspective that highlights the conflict between humans' desire for meaning and the silent, indifferent universe, famously explored by thinkers like Albert Camus.

Authenticity: The quality of being true to one's own personality, spirit, or character, as opposed to conforming to societal expectations, a key concept in existential thought.

Alienation: A feeling of disconnection or estrangement from one's self, others, or society, often emphasized in existential literature and philosophy.