Second-wave feminism

Definition

Second-wave feminism refers to the renewed feminist movement that emerged in the United States during the 1960s and continued into the 1980s, focusing on a broad range of issues including gender equality, reproductive rights, workplace discrimination, and sexual liberation. This movement built upon the foundations laid by first-wave feminism and sought to address more complex social, cultural, and political inequalities that women faced, often challenging existing norms and advocating for systemic change.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The second-wave feminism movement is often marked by the publication of Betty Friedan's book 'The Feminine Mystique' in 1963, which challenged traditional gender roles and sparked widespread discussion about women's dissatisfaction with domestic life.
2. Activism during this wave led to significant legal changes, including improved access to contraception and abortion rights following the landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade in 1973.
3. Second-wave feminists organized major protests, such as the Women’s Liberation Movement and the Miss America protest in 1968, which highlighted societal expectations placed on women.
4. The movement also expanded its focus to include issues like race, sexuality, and class, leading to a more intersectional approach that recognized the varied experiences of different groups of women.
5. By the end of the second wave, women gained greater representation in various fields, including politics and business, although debates about gender equality continue to evolve today.

Review Questions

• How did second-wave feminism build upon the achievements of first-wave feminism in advocating for women's rights?
  • Second-wave feminism expanded on the achievements of first-wave feminism by shifting focus from legal suffrage to broader social issues affecting women's lives. While first-wave feminists primarily fought for voting rights, second-wave feminists addressed systemic inequalities such as reproductive rights, workplace discrimination, and sexual liberation. This broader perspective allowed women to challenge cultural norms and seek comprehensive reforms in various aspects of society.
• In what ways did second-wave feminism influence legislative changes regarding women's rights in the United States?
  • Second-wave feminism had a significant impact on legislative changes aimed at promoting women's rights in the United States. The movement led to the introduction of laws like Title IX, which prohibited gender discrimination in education, and pushed for reproductive rights that culminated in the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade. These changes not only improved opportunities for women but also set a precedent for future advocacy and legal protections regarding gender equality.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of second-wave feminism on contemporary discussions about gender equality and intersectionality.
  • The long-term effects of second-wave feminism are evident in today's discussions about gender equality and intersectionality. This wave laid the groundwork for recognizing that women's experiences are influenced by race, class, sexuality, and other identities. Contemporary movements continue to address these intersections, advocating for a more inclusive approach that reflects diverse experiences. The foundation established by second-wave feminists has empowered new generations to challenge ongoing inequalities and push for systemic change across various social spheres.

Related terms

Title IX: A federal law passed in 1972 prohibiting gender discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal assistance, significantly impacting women's sports and education.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution aimed at guaranteeing equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex; although it passed Congress, it was not ratified by enough states.

Reproductive Rights: The legal rights and freedoms related to reproduction and reproductive health, including access to contraception and abortion services, which were central issues during second-wave feminism.